{"id":136,"date":"2023-04-26T16:10:09","date_gmt":"2023-04-26T16:10:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.anwarmoazzam.com\/?page_id=136"},"modified":"2023-04-26T16:10:09","modified_gmt":"2023-04-26T16:10:09","slug":"nightingale-of-an-uncreated-garden-ghalibs-intellectual-concerns","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.anwarmoazzam.com\/index.php\/nightingale-of-an-uncreated-garden-ghalibs-intellectual-concerns\/","title":{"rendered":"Nightingale of an Uncreated Garden: Ghalib&#8217;s intellectual concerns"},"content":{"rendered":"<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0654 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0650 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u063a\u0645\u06c1 \u0633\u0646\u062c<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u0628\u0650 \u06af\u0644\u0634\u0646 \u0646\u0627 \u0622\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>h\u0305un garm\u0305i-yi nash\u0305at-i tasavvur se naghmah-sanj<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>main \u2018andal\u0305ib-i gulshan-i n\u0305a-\u0305afr\u0305idah h\u0305un<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{I am singing under the exuberance of the pleasure of thinking, I am a nightingale of an uncreated garden.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Forword<\/li>\n<li>Preface<\/li>\n<li>Acknowledgments<\/li>\n<li>The First Point<\/li>\n<li>Cultural and Intellectual Discourse in Ghalib&#8217;s Delhi- A Brief Note<\/li>\n<li>Ghalib on his Life and his God<\/li>\n<li>Ghalib&#8217;s Religious Concerns<\/li>\n<li>Ghalib&#8217;s Existentialism<\/li>\n<li>The Value-system of Ghalib&#8217;s Poetic Life<\/li>\n<li>Ghalib as a Thinker<\/li>\n<li>Ghalib&#8217;s Expression<\/li>\n<li>The Last Point<\/li>\n<li>Glossary<\/li>\n<li>Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a9 Anwar Moazzam, 2019<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"western\">Foreword<\/h1>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">GHALIB IN WORLD HISTORY<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Professor Brian Spooner<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Department of Anthropology<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">University of Pennsylvania<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As can be seen from the perusal of any library catalogue or bookseller&#8217;s list, this is not the first book on Ghalib. Though he may not have been fully recognised in his lifetime, his life and his work have been relatively common subjects of research and publication since he died a century and a half ago. However, he was an unusual person, and neither his personality nor his writings fitted neatly into any of our historical <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">research categories. For this reason until now there has been no comprehensive work either on his life or his contribution to literature and to learning. This is the first publication that takes account of the larger significance of his life and all his work in the world-historical context of its geographical location (close to the centre of the world&#8217;s land surface, where civilisation began) between the Middle East and Central and South Asia, and of its time, in early modern history, at a particular stage of globalisation, the height of the Colonial Period. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib was the literary star of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the late Mughal age, not only in South Asia (the territory of the Mughal Empire), but in the surrounding Persianate intellectual world that extended from what is now Iraq to China, and not only in that Islamicate world but also in the culturally related non-Muslim world of South Asia. Born as Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan in 1797 to a family that had moved south from Turkic Central Asia to <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\">Agra<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in India, he spent most of his life in Delhi, where he died in 1869, in a period of accelerating social change, as the British changed their language of administration from Persian to Urdu and English, and supplanted the Mughal dynasty, but before they moved their capital from Calcutta to Delhi, and built New Delhi. His work in Persian and early modern Urdu made him a central figure in two of the largest literary and intellectual communities in world history at a time when they were becoming culturally integrated as a result of a combination of historical factors including the power of Persian literacy and the &#8220;Great Game&#8221; of the British and Russians as they expanded their empires and their colonial interests in the nineteenth century north and south into Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia. The resulting expansion of this Persianate-Islamicate ecumene was not only a significant early stage of the process that we have since come to know as globalisation, but as a result of the scientific and artistic achievements of the earlier Persian- and Sanskrit-based civilisations generated a level of philosophical awareness that was at that time unprecedented in world history. While there had certainly been great literary figures in particular civilisations before that time, there were none who like Ghalib had transcended the limits of their civilisation, and of their chosen genre. For that reason none of the past work on Ghalib has in the manner of this work provided an analytical discussion of his entire contribution irrespective of the traditional boundaries of scholarship and criticism.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another reason this has not been done before is that since the age of Ghalib the world has changed significantly. In the second half of the nineteenth century what had been known since the Achaemenian Empire in the sixth century BCE as Persian or Iranian was subsumed into the newly identified &#8220;Middle East.&#8221; The British and Russian Empires ended their Great Game by defining the borders of modern Afghanistan as a buffer state between them. And South Asia became preoccupied with its struggle against colonialism, which ended in the middle of the twentieth century with the formal Partition between the politically Islamicate and Bharat-oriented areas of the Subcontinent, in the modern republics of Pakistan and India. But Ghalib&#8217;s work remains as a monument to the cultural and philosophical achievements before these political divisions of the modern world.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Because of the cultural and religious environment in which he worked, Ghalib&#8217;s writing defies any attempt to place him in comparative context. He worked in the languages that were in use in the society in which he lived: Persian and Urdu. He wrote in the genres that had long been customary in that society: poetry and letters. His poetry was the culmination of what had come to be known as <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sabk-e-hindi<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (Indian style) in Persian, and a landmark in the development of literary Urdu. As a result, in this world before the drawing of political borders, which began only in the second half of the nineteenth century, interest in his work percolated throughout the Persianate and Urdu-reading worlds, from Delhi into the Middle East, the Russian steppe and Turkic Central Asia, and south and east with the political control and cultural influence of the Mughal empire. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The role that Persian had played in this area, since as far back as the ninth century CE, was historically unique. For a thousand years from what is now Iraq to northern China and from what had become Turkic Central Asia into the Indian Subcontinent Persian had been the primary, if not the only, written language, not only for eulogistic and Sufistic poetry, but for administration, for long-distance communication in letters, and for historical and philosophical prose. As the only medium for long-distance communication it carried cultural concepts, and models of administrative design from community to community and spread them over vast areas, and like Latin and Greek in the West <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(but on a larger scale) it was the routine source for the satisfaction of any need for new vocabulary in the local languages, though unlike Latin it has continued to be a common spoken language throughout this region, and did not lose any of its most important uses, as Latin did with the change in liturgical language in much of Western Christianity after the Reformation, and unlike Greek its classical written form continued to be the foundation of the modern literary and spoken languages. The intellectual world for which written Persian constituted the cultural glue, which extended deeper into South Asian society with the adoption of Urdu, was the largest cultural-linguistic ecumene in world history. Furthermore, it guaranteed the continuing value of poetic expression. Ghalib was a beacon of the high intellectuality and religious and philosophical awareness of the Persianate world, including its South Asian extension, when it was at its peak, just before it became divided into districts of colonial administration by the competing British and Russian empires.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">But Ghalib was not simply a product of his age. He was a<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> master of language, and of eloquent, detailed philosophical and religious expression. H<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"de-DE\">e underst<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ood the social function of religion, and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">intellectualise<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">d it, without discriminating in any way between Sunni,<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"ru-RU\"> Shi`a <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and Sufi. Neither was he<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"> concern<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ed to differentiate Islam morally from Christianity, or even from unbelief. He sought to express the artistic essence of civilisation from his base in a socio-cultural centre of Islamic civilisation. He was interested in the nature of the relationship between the freedom of humanity and the unlimited power and ability of the Divinity, insofar as we can understand it from Revelation in the historical context of our efforts to interpret and rationalise&#8211;our rising social awareness in relation to predestination.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib is a poet, a philosopher, a scholar, a religious teacher, a spiritual guide. He is the Plato and Aristotle of the Persianate\/South Asian Islamicate world. He lived a full life&#8211;spiritually, intellectually, religiously, philosophically, emotionally and personally. Though perhaps not fully appreciated in his own lifetime, he has become the first name in Urdu poetry. As a result of the comprehensiveness of his subject matter he can sometimes be difficult to understand. This book takes you through his intellectual as well as his spiritual development as it introduces you to his work, to its contribution to human understanding, and to the role it played in world history and the evolution of what it means to be human in the cultural milieu he represents.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"western\">Preface<\/h1>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib (1797-1869) has, despite his carefully cultivated accessibility reserved for a select intellectual class well-versed in mystical-philosophical cultural systems and in the Persian poetic tradition, for even a one hundred and fifty years constantly held sway as a constant source of aesthetic, emotional, intellectual and spiritual joy for the common peoples of the East. His living a dual life in the popular and the intellectual levels for such a long time invites the attention of both literature and philosophy students. It becomes more interesting when we find his poetry written in simple Urdu and yet loaded with various layers of intellectual and philosophical nuances, also being enjoyed by the ordinary reader: it would be a boon for readers to have the Urdu original and its roman transliteration, as well.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u2018 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0688\u0628\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u06be \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u0646\u06d2\u2018 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah tha kuch to khud\u0305a th\u0305a, kuch nah hot\u0305a to khud\u0305a hot\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>duboy\u0305a mujh ko hone ne, nah hot\u0305a main to ky\u0305a hot\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{When there was nothing, there was God; had there been nothing, there would have been God; my being destroyed me, had I not been, what would I have been?<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>}<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This couplet has an attraction as a puzzle replete with alternative answers. In fact, it is loaded with a world of meanings regarding concepts of existential and cognitive unity. The point is that the extensive commentary on Ghalib in South Asia has always been exclusively focussed on appreciation of various facets of his poetry but to the total neglect of the thought content.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The present work is, perhaps, the first of its kind in English (and even Urdu) \u2026 a critical analysis of this aspect of Ghalib, discussing certain select issues like being and beings and his conflicting judgements of concepts governing common social life, on the one hand, and on the other, a value system governing his poetic life, his rationalism and his refusal to follow traditional views without critical examination. It is fascinating to find him conversing with friends on the meaning of meaning, and the relationship between word and meaning.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The most daunting task was to render the meaning of his poetry in English. Urdu, like any other language, has its own literary vocabulary of symbols and metaphors, etc., quite different from those in English. It has been attempted here to convey this, especially to readers not conversant with these concepts and themes, in as comprehensible a way as possible. All couplets have been given in the Urdu original with roman transcriptions followed by their rendition, as I have understood them, in English translation. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It is hoped that you will meet the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Real Ghalib<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"western\">The First Point<\/h1>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0641\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f \u062c\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u067e\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u0634\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0648 \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr o d\u0305in ch\u0305ist juz \u0305al\u0305a\u2019ish-i pind\u0305ar-i vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>p\u0305ak shav p\u0305ak keh ham kufr-i t\u0305u d\u0305in-i t\u0305u shaved<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{What is unbelief and faith except the polluted conceit of one\u2019s existence? Purify yourself so that your unbelief becomes your belief.}<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0621 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0634\u06d2 \u06c1\u06d2 \u067e\u0646\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dair o haram \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah-yi takr\u0305ar-i tamanna<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>v\u0305ama\u0305ndagi-yi shauq tar\u0305ashe hai pan\u0305ahen<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The mosque and the temple are mirror images reflecting recurrence of desire; these are (no more than) places of refuge manufactured by the fatigue of human yearnings.}<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0622\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">&#8216;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0633\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u06c2 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hasti ke mat fareb men \u0305aj\u0305a\u2019iyyo, Asad<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">\u2018\u0305<span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>alam tam\u0305am halqah-yi d\u0305am-i khay\u0305al hai<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Do not be deceived by existence, Asad! The entire universe is a circle of the net of illusion.} <\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u06c1\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062d\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>asl-i shuh\u0305ud o sh\u0305ahid o mashh\u0305ud aik hai<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hair\u0305an h\u0305un phir mush\u0305ahadah hai kis his\u0305ab men<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The essence of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shuh\u0305ud <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(a stage in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tasavvuf <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">when everything existing becomes the Truth-in-itself), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sh\u0305ahid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (witness), and the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mashh\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (spectacle being observed by all) being the same; I wonder, how to account for the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> mush\u0305ahadah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (witnessing, spectacle).}<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u062a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0648 \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nek\u0305i ze tust az t\u0305u na-khv\u0305ahaim muzd-i k\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>var khud badaim k\u0305ar-i t\u0305uaim intiq\u0305am ch\u0305ist?<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Righteous action coming as it does from You (God), I do not ask for any payment (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>muzd)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> for my deeds; and if I commit evil, that is also from you; then where is the justification for revenge?}<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u06c1 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u0639\u0628\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u0627\u0691\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u06c1\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vaf\u0305\u0305ad\u0305ari ba-shart-i ustv\u0305ari asl-i \u0305im\u0305an hai<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mare butkh\u0305ane men to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ka\u2018be<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> men g\u0305aro <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Brahman<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> ko<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Fidelity with steadfastness is the essence of faith; (therefore) if a Brahman dies in a house of idols (temple), bury him in the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ka\u2018ba<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.}<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u2018 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0688\u0628\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u06be \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u0646\u06d2\u2018 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah tha kuch to khud\u0305a th\u0305a, kuch nah hot\u0305a to khuda hot\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>duboy\u0305a mujh ko hone ne, nah hot\u0305a maen to khud\u0305a hota!<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{When there was nothing, (only) God existed, had there been nothing, God would have been; my being spoiled me, had I been non-existent, what would I have been!}<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In a letter, Ghalib writes: \u201cIn my whole life, had I not drunk wine, even once, call me a non-believer, had I offered prayer even once, call me a sinner.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">My object is expression of my \u2018belief\u2019 so that it is known that a person holding this \u2018belief\u2019 does not refute anything and, (on the other hand) embraces all in a (particular) state (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaif\u0305iyat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) \u2026 of unbelief (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) as well as Islam,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ain<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u0639\u06cc\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), (in Sufism, the inner essence of a thing and more specifically, the universal idea of a thing eternally existing in the mind of God) as well as <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghair<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, (<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u063a\u06cc\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), the other).<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> All these exist as thought (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tassavur<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) but not as the \u2018thought\u2019 which we think, but that thought which is possessed by a special state (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaif\u0305iyat-i kh\u0305as<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). It is quite apt to describe this with the simile of sea and wave and sun and light.\u201d (letter to Ghamg\u0305in)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I am a pure believer in one God <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>(m\u0305uvahhid-i kh\u0305alis<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and a person of perfect faith (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>momin<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). On my tongue \u2018there is no god except Allah\u2019 and, in my heart, I have understood that nothing exists except Allah, nothing impacts on existence except Allah. All messengers deserve respect and all, in their times, were to be obeyed. Messengership ended with Muhammad. He is the seal of messengerhood and mercy for the world. The end of prophethood is the beginning of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305amat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Sh\u0305i\u2018ah <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">espousal of head of state as different from the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Sunni<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> subscription to<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khil\u0305afat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Im\u0305amat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is not held by consensus o<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>r ijm\u0305a\u2018<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> which is what Sunnis hold to) but is transferred from Allah to \u2018Ali, then to Hasan, then to Husain and so on. I dwell by these (beliefs) and will die holding them. (in a letter)<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0645\u062c\u06be \u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0648\u062a \u06af\u06c1\u0631\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06c1\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062c\u06be\u06d2 \u0648\u06c1 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0636\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06c1\u0631\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06c1\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0631 \u06c1\u0648 \u062c\u0648 \u06c1\u0648\u06d2 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0631 \u06c1\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u06c1\u0631\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>jin logon ko hai mujh se \u2018ad\u0305avat gahri<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535223675\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kahte hain mujhe r\u0305afizi aur dahri<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dahri kunkar ho jo keh hovay S\u0305ufi<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shi\u2018\u0305i kyunkar ho m\u0305avar\u0305aunnahri<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535223753\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Those who hate me intensely, call me Shi \u2018ah and heretic. How can a Sufi be a heretic? How can one who is of Transoxiana (a region inhabited by Sunnis) be a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shi\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">?}<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535223855\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If these couplets and statements are treated as representing different views of Ghalib, then he emerges as one declaring, \u2018I am a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shi\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, an atheist (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dahri)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, a non-believer (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u0305afir<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), a sinner (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gunahg\u0305ar)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, monotheist (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>muvahhid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and a true Muslim (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>momin<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Unbelief and Islam,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ain <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(for the Sufis, it means the universal idea of a thing eternally existing in the mind of God),and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghair<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (the other than God) are acceptable to me. Unbelief and belief are a filth of the conceit of existence. The <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ka\u2018bah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the temple are refuge for the fatigue of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shauq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (the human urge to know reality). The Creator of my good deeds is Allah; why should I ask for any reward for my meritorious actions? Allah is also the creator of evil; then why should I be punished for my evil acts? If fidelity (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vaf\u0305ad\u0305ari)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is steadfast, then both the Muslim priest and the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Brahman<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> are people of faith (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u0305im\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). In any case, what is the big deal in engaging in discussions on virtue and vice and unfaith and faith when all these phenomena of existence are vague, absurd, and all is a net of imagination and superstition? What exists is the Absolute Reality, Allah, and He will always exist. When I was non-existent, I was Allah; just imagine what I would I have been had I not come into existence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">These feelings, like shadows, crisscross and cut into each other as if they are views of different persons, as if there is not one Ghalib but many, each struggling against the other and refusing to form any one clear picture. How many difficulties has Ghalib created for his admirers and critics! But, then, is formation of any one single picture necessary? Is it not possible for the poetry of Ghalib to survive without an organised thought-system? Some people think so. In spite of these different mental attitudes, readers of Ghalib find in him the peculiar thought and creative intellectual and emotional satisfaction not to be found in any other poet. Does it mean that creative thought and creative expression are beyond the realm of philosophical discipline and mental and logical frontiers? It appears that only creativity is the guarantee of the popularity and durability of a piece of literature or fine art. Here, creativity means the ability to satisfy readers\u2019 emotional and intellectual thirst. A piece of literature recreates itself for its readers every moment. As long as this process maintains itself, the poetry and art form would be able to maintain its popularity and importance among its readers, listeners or viewers. If this is so, then Ghalib renders all philosophical, intellectual, and logical challenges ineffective due to his boundless creativity. Still, the question remains as to how in its inner depths such great creativity could bear so much mutually contradictory plurality? Let us try to find out how Ghalib managed to make \u2018Being\u2019 and its multiple appearances, on the one hand, and, his struggle to survive amidst the conflicts between religion and the material world, on the other, a part of his creativity in a way that all these various themes and aesthetic images and values became an indivisible part of the mind and emotional life of various generations of readers. There is no intention here of portraying Ghalib as a philosopher or a Sufi. The purpose is to discover factors responsible for the transformation of Ghalib\u2019s intellectual concerns related to respect for basic human instincts and human values into his poetry. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Let us set out on this voyage of discovery with the remark that there is no other Urdu poet as word-conscious as Ghalib. He believes in the independence of the word. He does not use words like masters use their slaves\u200e\u2014 lifeless tools of communication, such as the pen. He uses every word as a live, ever-expanding and evolving universe of meanings. The word is the magic talisman enunciation of which unearths buried treasures of meaning.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535223971\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">By doing so, Ghalib could create in his poetry infinite space for multiple meaningful intellectual layers. Second, Ghalib knew very well that a creation after it is created becomes independent of its creator; the meaning and impact of poetry are not governed by the intent and meaning the poet had in mind. That is, poetry is not the creation exclusively of the poet. The autonomous functioning of language and word also participate in the creation of meanings and, impacting on poetry, ultimately liberate it from the poet. The importance of words and their independence remains intact irrespective of whether the poet is aware of it or not. However, Ghalib was fully aware of these two notions. In other words, both are integral to his poetic sensibilities. It should be noted here that these considerations are applicable more to the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghazal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Due to the features of brevity and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bal\u0305aghat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (multiplicity of meanings) embedded in the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> ghazal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, dominance of words in it is far more powerful as compared to the poem (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nazm<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and prose. The transformation of intellectual content into aesthetic value is due to these two notions. Ghalib, as we have seen, loves the word. That is why he has ignored taking full responsibility for what he expresses; much has been left to words. This is one of various factors underlying the complexity in his poetry.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u0634\u062a \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u067e\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hai kah\u0305an tamann\u0305a k\u0305a d\u0305usra qadam, ya Rab,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ham ne dasht-i imk\u0305an ko aik naqsh-i p\u0305a p\u0305ay\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Where is the next step of Desire, O God? We have found the desert of contingency\/ the possible (the universe), to be a mere footprint!}<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The interplay featuring desire, the step of desire, the desert of possible creation, the footprint and the interrogative tone has created and remained for the last century and a half an unresolved mystery. One may even wonder whether Ghalib himself was aware of the meanings latent in this couplet. He himself, let us recall, has admitted to the autonomy of words. It is the word itself, he said, that entered into his poetry and asked his readers to treat each word as a talisman for uncovering a buried treasure of meanings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0646\u06c2 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u06cc\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0648 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u06c1 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u06d2 \u0627\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0622\u0648\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ganjinah-yi ma\u2018n\u0305i k\u0305a tilism is ko samajhiye<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>jo lafz kih Ghalib mere ash\u2018\u0305ar me \u0305ave<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Hlk535224039\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Generally, the word <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tilism <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">has been understood as magic and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ganj\u0305inah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> as treasure. However, this is inadequate as they stand for much more.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Ganj<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> means treasure and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ganj\u0305inah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> means a buried treasure. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tilism, <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">here, is not simple magic but is a talisman\u2014a magic formula on recitation of which the access to entrance to the buried treasure is revealed. Here, Ghalib is suggesting that every word that appears in his poetry represents multiple meanings.}<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535224158\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For the appreciation of Ghalib, we have to know the Delhi (Dehli or Dilli, the original names) of his time. The British occupation of Delhi in 1857 and the displacement of the symbolic Muslim empire was the beginning of the political domination of Western culture and decline of the political, social and cultural life of Muslims in India. They found that they were no more the rulers of the country but subjects of a foreign power. Gradually, they also realised that they and the Indian people were being required to put up with the political and administrative reforms being implemented by the colonial rulers and cope with the challenges of change posed by Western knowledge, as well. Nevertheless, Mughal cultural institutions and traditions kept struggling to maintain a proud posture of continuity. Some pillars of the otherwise decaying cultural structure remained standing. Delhi was still a vibrant centre of religious discussion, and academic and literary gatherings. Several high-calibre intellectuals, scholars, writers and poets, along with Ghalib, were keeping the Mughal cultural hub alive. Among his contemporaries, Sh\u0305ah \u2018Abdul\u2018aziz, Sh\u0305ah Ism\u0305a\u0305\u2018\u0305ill, Sh\u0305ah Saifuddin, Sh\u0305ah \u2018Abdulq\u0305adir and Syed Ahmad Barelvi (all from the school of Shah Dalilah), Syed Ahmad Khan, Maulana Fazl-i Haq Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi, Maul\u0305an\u0305a Sadarudd\u0305in \u0305Azurdah and, among the poets, Sh\u0305ah Nas\u0305ir, Momin, Sheftah, \u0305Atish, N\u0305asikh, Sahb\u0305a\u2019\u0305i, represented the culture of Delhi and the North-Western Province. During this time, Dehli witnessed several political and violent pogroms. It was destroyed twice during the 1857 War. The <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of north India, too were politically active. Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fa\u00adzl-i Haq \u00ad\u00adK\u00adhair\u0305ab\u0305adi, a close friend and intellectual colleague of Ghalib, Sh\u0305ah \u2018Abdul\u2018az\u0305iz and several other <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> were engaged in activities against the British government. Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fazl-i Haq was arrested and sent to the Andaman Islands where he died in prison. Syed Ahmad Khan of Aligarh used to go to the grand mosque of Delhi to attend the lectures of Sh\u0305ah \u2018Abdul\u2018az\u0305iz. Sh\u0305ah Ism\u0305a \u2018\u0305il had declared India the abode of war (<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305ar al-harb<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Among the Urdu poets, Momin Kh\u0305an Momin is reported to have joined the Vahh\u0305abi Movement of Syed Ahmad Barelvi. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">We do not know much about Ghalib\u2019s childhood in Agra, but we do know that he was not a serious student and often skipped school to play in the streets. At the age of thirteen he was married. School held no interest for him but he had a natural affinity for Persian language and literature. In those times, Persian was the cultural language of Muslims in northern India and was the main source-language for literature, history and other disciplines. He says in one of his letters that he got in touch with an Iranian scholar in Agra and from him learned a great deal about Persian language and literature, Islamic mysticism and Muslim philosophy. He also had some knowledge of astrology. However, his poetic intellect found itself more comfortable with the Sufi world view which had infinite space for philosophical experimentation. He loved Persian, the main source language of intellectually rich mystic poetry, and studied all the eminent Persian poets and their mystic themes (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>maz\u0305am\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), their mystic experiences and their poetic treatments. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The present study is an attempt to get a sense of Ghalib\u2019s intellectual concerns and the nature of the duality of poetic beauty and the complexities of meanings. Exploration of the philosophical flights of his imagination brought to light the duality of Ghalib\u2019s life\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hay\u0305at-i tab\u0305i \u2018<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0305i (natural life) and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hay\u0305at-ishe \u2018r\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (poetic life). Every great poet leads a dual life. But Ghalib\u2019s poetic life is different from the poetic lives of other poets in the sense that it is not derived from mere concepts, emotions, and imagination, but is inhabited by certain \u2018values\u2019. The difference between his poetic life and natural life is like that between \u2018value\u2019 and \u2018concept\u2019. Both are as different from each other as concepts differ from values. While concepts are amenable to change in time, value remain unchanged. Concepts have a transitory existence within a particular duration of time while values, for their owner, are universal, timeless and spaceless. These are the values that have infused universalism, timelessness and spacelessness in Ghalib\u2019s poetry. Understanding Ghalib, the thinker, was never easy; Ghalib, the poet was always there, deflecting attention to the fascinating beauty of his poetry. So far as Ghalib himself is concerned he is proud of his being a poet of meanings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0632\u06af\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">&#8216; <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u06a9 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u06c1\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah ranjam gar ba-s\u0305urat az gad\u0305ay\u0305an b\u0305udah am, Ghalib!<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ba-d\u0305arul mulk-i ma\u2018n\u0305i mi kunam fam\u0305arav\u0305a\u2019iha<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{It does not matter if I look like one of the beggars, I rule over the capital of meanings.}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"western\"><a name=\"_Toc20923269\"><\/a> Cultural and Intellectual Discourse in Ghalib\u2019s Dehli -A Brief Note<\/h1>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>The fact is that an analysis of the psychological factors is made in the context of contemporary circumstances which shaped the direction of Ghalib\u2019s poetic thinking, all studies of his personality and concepts would remain incomplete.\u201d<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (Khal\u0305iq Ahmad Niz\u0305ami). <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">According to Niz\u0305am\u0305i, though Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305i\u0305ullah (1703-1763), Ghalib (1797-1869) and Syed Ahmad Kh\u0305an (1817-1898) belonged to the period of the decline of the Mughal Empire, the high quality of its academic, ethical and intellectual temperament cannot be ignored. At the time when the Battle of Plassey was being fought in Bengal, the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>madrasah <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of Shah Val\u0305i\u0305ullah was working as a centre of agnostic knowledge. As we have often reiterated above, decline of Mughal power had paradoxically proceeded with its becoming a most vibrant centre of scientific, cultural and intellectual activities that produced great thinkers like Sh\u0305ah \u2018Abdul\u2018az\u0305iz, Syed Ahmad Shah\u0305id, Sh\u0305ah Muhammad Ism\u0305a\u2019\u0305il, Syed Ahmad Kh\u0305an, Maul\u0305an\u0305a Maml\u0305uk \u2018Ali, Mufti Sadrudd\u0305in \u0305Azurdah and Momin Khan Momin. Ghalib was groomed in this intellectual environment which was gradually emerging as a meeting place of wisdom of the East and the West. Dilli College inaugurated a new era of modern knowledge. Referring to a letter of Ghalib to M\u0305ir Mahdi \u2018Al\u0305i Majr\u0305uh, Niz\u0305am\u0305i says<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> that while the centre of the cultural life of old Delhi was Hauz Shams\u0305i, the centre of the Mughal period was Dehli\u2019s grand mosque. The stairs of this mosque did not lead only to the mosque but to vibrant social, cultural and literary festivities as well. It also served as a philosophical and intellectual platform for discussion, learning and teaching. There were numerous seminaries, hospices and mosques imparting academic and spiritual knowledge and training, with libraries full of precious books and manuscripts. Almost every wealthy person had a good library at home and those who could not afford to purchase books got them on hire. The <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kh\u0305anq\u0305ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of Sh\u0305ah Ghul\u0305am \u2018Ali was the most visited one, attracting students from Rome, Syria, Baghdad, Egypt, China and Abyssinia for mystic and spiritual training. The other popular house was that of Sh\u0305ah Muhammad \u0305Af\u0305aq. A distinguished mystic and scholar, Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fazlurrahm\u0305\u0305an Ganj Mur\u0305ad\u0305ab\u0305adi used to say that \u201cthere were two shops of love (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ishq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) in Dilli, one of Sh\u0305ah Gh\u0305ul\u0305am \u2018Ali and the other of Sh\u0305ah Muhammad \u0305Af\u0305aq where \u201cthe commodity of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ishq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> was sold\u201d. Among pre-1857 movements of reforms were the political and social movement of Syed Ahmad Barelv\u0305i (1786-1831) which rapidly spread to all regions of north India. Another reform movement was the Far\u0305a\u2019\u0305izi movement initiated by H\u0305aji Shar\u0305i\u2018atullah in Bengal in the early 19<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> century against innovations. This was taken forward later by his son, Kar\u0305amat \u2018Ali Jaunp\u0305uri (b. 1800). He opposed declaration of India as <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>D\u0305ar\u0305ulharb <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(abode of war). <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It was followed by the War of Independence of 1857 which rudely shook the entire subcontinent out of false dreams. Indian Muslims were urgently looking for ways to cope with the terribly destructive new administrative, educational, economic and cultural measures being taken by the British imperial dispensation. Images of all these devastating consequences attendant on British initiatives are to be found in Ghalib\u2019s letters along with glimpses of the intellectual environment, including the theological controversies in Delhi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">By the middle of the 19<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> century, Indian Muslims had realised that organisation of political resistance against the British colonizers was no more possible. During his early life in Agra and within five years of shifting to Delhi (1810 to 1821), when he was about twenty four, Ghalib had written all his Urdu poetry and had switched over to writing in Persian for about the next thirty years. The government\u2019s policy of treating Muslims as its chief opponents and stripping them of their political status as rulers had created an atmosphere of insecurity. This totally new development was gradually affecting the social and political thinking of Muslim elite of Delhi. However, due to some complex factors (not sufficiently studied so far), there was no big impact of these monumental changes on the literary and religious-scholarly temperament of Delhi of which Ghalib was an integral part. He was deeply emotionally and intellectually engaging with the gradual emergence of various pressing concerns about mundane life around him as well as his agnostic analysis of concepts like the Being and beings. There is a clear influence of \u2018Abdulq\u0305adir Bedil (died Dec. 5, 1729) on his poetry from the beginning, and this remained with him always either in his style or in his conceptual life.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> In the early period, this is very distinctly and powerfully discernible; later, critical remarks of Ghalib\u2019s friends of his poetry being very difficult to understand saw him coming out of Bedil\u2019s complex multi-meaning style of thinking and expression. Besides Bedil, there were two other schools of thought in Delhi that considerably influenced his thinking\u2014the school of Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305i\u0305ullah which laid great attachment to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Had\u0305\u0305is<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (the Messenger\u2019s <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Traditions<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and the Khair\u0305ab\u0305ad\u0305i school of contemplative sciences. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Valiullahi school had a powerful impact on Muslim thought in the 19<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> century and continues to be a source of thought for thinkers of change. Sh\u0305ah Valiullah tried to reconcile the views of Ibn Arabi and Mujaddid Alf S\u0305ani on the theme of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. According to Abdul Hamid Siddiqi<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Ibn Arabi appreciated the concept of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vujud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (Being) in two ways: \u201cit may be taken epistemologically as the cognized form or idea of existence, and, secondly, it may be taken ontologically to stand for that which exists or subsists and not for the idea of it\u201d. Ibn Arabi says that all Being is One, an Absolute Unity and it does not mean that all individual beings\u2014past, present or future\u200e\u2014are essentially One Being. When he says all existence is one, he means all existence at source is one, that is to say, God is the one source and cause of all existence or substance. He says that \u201cexistent things have not the slightest touch of reality about them,\u201d (Ghalib makes especial reference to this view of Ibn Arabi, see chapter, \u201cGhalib\u2019s Existentialism\u201d). Through the metaphor of the \u2018mirror\u2019 and the \u2018image\u2019, he says: \u201cThe phenomenal world is the mirror-image of the One Absolute reality\u2026. and, the world is nothing but a pale reflection or emanation or mode of His attributes only.\u201d<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 5<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Mujaddid Alf S\u0305ani differed with him on two points; first, that the essence (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>z\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and attributes (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sif\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) of God are not identical; and second, the world is not the emanation of God\u2019s attributes. He is independent of the existence of the created world. Sh\u0305\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah holds that there is no substantial difference between <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vahdatul Vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vahdatush Shuh\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the difference, if any, is an illusion. The world is not an attribute or emanation of attributes but consists of non-emanative modes of attributes in the mirror of non-existence. He contends that in essence there is no difference between the doctrines of Ibn Arabi and of Mujaddid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The other theological-mystical school was that of the Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi school of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ma \u2018q\u0305ul\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (contemplative sciences), following a philosophical, rational and logical way of examining physical and metaphysical issues led, at that time, by the eminent intellectual, Fazl-i Haq Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi. He was a respected intellectual friend of Ghalib. Fazl-i Haq was undoubtedly the second source, besides Bedil, of his liberal, unorthodox way of looking at realities. Sh\u0305ah Valiullah\u2019s school was also connected with it but, later, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Hadis<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tradition<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of the Messenger, was adopted as its main point of study. It was Fazl-i Im\u0305am Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi, father of Fazl-i Haq Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi, who revived this school which was getting less attention due to the Valiullahi preference for <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Had\u0305is<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. According to Shabbi\u0305r Ahmad Kh\u0305an Ghori, Syed Ahmad Kh\u0305an (of Aligarh) considered him master of all sciences and, virtually the founder of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mantiq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (logic) and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hikmat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (wisdom, rational thinking). To this school also belonged the eminent scholar, Sadrudd\u0305in Kh\u0305an \u0305Azurdah.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi school impacted Ghalib through his close friend, Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fazl-i Haq Khair\u0305ab\u0305ad\u0305i. Possibly, Ghalib drew on Bedil for his free thinking. Shaikh Muhammad Ikr\u0305am suggests that he might have received existential concepts, first, from Bedil and, second, the absence of the traditional themes of love and beauty is another feature common to both the poets. The two theological schools of Khair\u0305ab\u0305ad and Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah faced each other. The Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi school believed in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vahdatul Vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> while the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Val\u0305iullahi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> school believed in the integration of both these concepts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The academic discourse in Dehli in which Ghalib also participated included the issue of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bida <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2018 which was being hotly debated among the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in Dehli.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There are two types of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bida\u2018<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u200e\u2014 those customs that were new but not against <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shari\u2019ah <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(Islamic law) and were called good innovations (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bida\u2018at-i hasanah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), and the others that were new but were against the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. New customs (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) were mostly those adopted by Indian Muslims from the cultures of different regions where they had been living for a long time. The customs during a long period of time became a part of their cultural life. Gradually, some of these became more powerful and influential than even the religious beliefs, so much so that if they were not in accordance with the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> somehow tried to trace their justification in the Qur\u2018an and the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>had\u0305is<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. The <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">who did not agree with such justifications insisted on reforming those customs since the latter were not in line with the fundamental teachings of Islam. This is what happened to Muslim societies in India. One reason underlying these customs was that a majority of Muslims were converts from the local population who embraced Islam but, at the same time, did not abandon their customs and social traditions. The main objective of the 18<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">-century movement of Syed Ahmad Barelv\u0305i was giving up such customs, like prohibition of widow remarriage. Islam does not prohibit widow-remarriage while it was prohibited in Hindu society. Several similar customs were followed by Muslims and the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> were divided on the validity of some of these customs. Shabb\u0305ir Ahmad Kh\u0305an Ghori has mentioned major issues and problems of this kind during Ghalib\u2019s time:<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">8<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib too has also commented on them.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">9<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Although, there is no direct evidence of Ghalib being aware of Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullhah\u2019s philosophical thought, on several issues his views show the influence of the Val\u0305iullah\u0305i school, as is evident from his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masnavi Shashum.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> He was also deeply attached to Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fazl-i Haq Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi. In fact, temperamentally, Ghalib was more inclined towards the guidance of rational thinking, reason and intellect. Even as Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah brought forth <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Had\u0305is<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in a prominent way, the influence of the contemplative sciences also increased through Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fazl-i Haq. According to Shabb\u0305ir Ahmad Kh\u0305an Ghori, the following issues were being discussed in Delhi:<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">10<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Seeking the help of saints in material and spiritual matters: <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The reformists considered this practice as against the teachings of the Qur \u2018an but some other <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and Sufi adherents justified it by citing certain verses of the Qur\u2018an. At that time, such customs were popular among Muslims.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Calling for help from any \u2018other\u2019 than God by using the word <\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>\u2018Y\u0305a<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>\u201d while facing any difficulties<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The reformers objected to it and considered calling anyone other than God for help in this manner, as <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shirk<\/i><\/span> <span style=\"font-size: small;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u0634\u0631\u06a9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, associating some other with God). <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Celebrating anniversaries at the mausoleums of Sufi saints:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Reformers were not in favour of such celebrations which amounted to worship.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Imtin\u0305a\u2018 un naz\u0305ir<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b> \/ <\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0631<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another controversial issue was whether God is competent to create another world and for it another last Messenger. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">These were the customs and concepts which Ghalib selected for comment in his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masnavi Shashum.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Shabb\u0305ir Ahmad Kh\u0305an Ghori mentioned some other controversial customs related to ways of offering prayers etc. Some were not discussed in public but at the meetings of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and in schools and featured questions like, whether logic could be included as one of the sciences in the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hikmah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Another was the concept of Time. Connected to these two were issues of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dahr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (eternal duration) in which eternity in the past (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>azal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) is in constant union with eternity in the future (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>abad<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sarmad <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(endless, perpetual). As some of his couplets show, Ghalib was aware of the transmutation of these four elements into each other as also complex issues like time, essences, elements, existence and existents. Ghalib is perhaps the first Urdu poet to show great interest in intricate philosophical issues of this sort. Shabb\u0305ir Ahmad Kh\u0305an Ghori is of the view that scepticism (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tashk\u0305ik<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), one of the contentious issues among the Muslim philosophers, was discussed in Ghalib\u2019s time and he was influenced by it.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">11<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> His entire poetry is, in fact, the poetry of raising questions. At the same time, though, describing existence (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hast\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) as non-existing and doubting its reality need not be taken as scepticism but a sort of expression of certainty.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk536005814\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The central issue dominating his poetic life was that of \u2018existence\u2019 (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), a concept common to both philosophy and Sufism. It has also been a dominant intellectual element in the tradition of Persian and Urdu poetry. Ghori states that during the 18<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and 19<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> centuries this issue was a subject of discussion in the learned circles of Dehli. Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fazl-i Haq Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi had written a 74-page treatise on Q\u0305azi Mub\u0305arak\u2019s<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Sharh-i Sullamul\u2018ul\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. It shows how much importance was attached to this issue.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">12<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> He believes that both Ghalib and the Maul\u0305an\u0305a must have exchanged views on it. In any case, Ghalib remained fully involved as a poet in concepts like <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (existence), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>imk\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (probabilities), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>a\u2018y\u0305an-i s\u0305abitah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (the eternal essences of things which, together, form the world of ideas or the spiritual that is intermediary between God and the material world of sensible phenomena), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>zuh\u0305ur<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (manifestation) and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ishr\u0305aq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (illuminism). In the following chapters some of these intellectual concerns will be analysed.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">13<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"western\">Ghalib on His Life and His God<\/h1>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u06cc \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">!<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>zindagi apni jab is shakl se guzri, Ghalib!<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ham bhi ky\u0305a y\u0305ad karenge kih Khud\u0305a rakhte the<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{ The way I lived my life, how could I remember that I too had a God?)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There are three ways of accessing Ghalib\u2014 his Urdu poetry, Persian poetry and his letters. He himself describes the nature of these three ways; he does not consider Urdu poetry a medium effective enough for expressing his personality; considers Persian poetry as the source of all colours of his multi-dimensional personality; and his letters as means of unfolding or conveying this manifold personality through recounting everyday experiences. By 1857, his poetic and non-poetic life had reached its final stage. The creative sufferings he had endured during 1857 destruction of the prevailing system of values and the <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">birthpangs of new values, had perhaps proved unmanageable to his poetic instincts and that is why he henceforth considered the prose of letters as a more effective mode of self-expression. Although it cannot be said with certainty that he made this decision deliberately, he did think that what he wanted to say in those times could be said only through letters. What is common in the poetry and the letters which makes this plausible? There is one thing\u2014conversation. In fact, if the whole poetic narrative of Ghalib is described as poetic conversation, rather than a poetic narrative, it helps reveal several layers of his poetics. His conversations were not with one but several persons including the addresser and the addressee. He would appear always talking to someone, asking questions and, sometimes, answering questions. He questions himself, his beloved; God, the universe, the existent and the non-existent; agnostics and rationalists; religious, political, economic authorities or symbols of authorities; traditional and anti-traditional values and so on. Every time and everywhere he is found conversing. This he describes as transforming communication (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mara\u0305sala<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) into conversation, dialogue (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>muk\u0305alamah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>guftugu)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Before Ghalib, only the letter-writer\u2019s presence was noticed. From the beginning of the 19<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> century, the presence of the addressee became more and more visible because of the great emotional and intellectual changes in the Urdu societies of north India under the impact of British imperialism. The period between 1857 and 1869 was an epic experience of passing into a quite different era and culture\u200e\u2014an experience that occurs in nations once in several centuries. This change can be felt in Ghalib\u2019s letters. The increase in the presence of the addressee in north India was due to the phenomenal changes taking place in Muslim and non-Muslim societies and homes. Till that time, they lived in numerous cities and villages bound by specific, fixed social and cultural relationships, customs and traditions. Paradoxically, undeveloped means of transport had provided full freedom for these villages and towns to develop their own cultural identities quite independent of each other. This socio-historical factor provided environments for the development of the Urdu language, diction, proverbs and styles of prose and poetry in Lucknow and Delhi with their distinct features so much so that they acquired the status of two distinct schools of Urdu literature in the 19th and the 20<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> centuries. Postal communication among these cities was, also, infrequent and exchange of letters took a long time. This time- and social- distance between letter-writers made the nature of a letter one-sided; that is, there was not much need of letter-writing from the addresser to the addressee. The Urdu societies of north India were, to a large extent, independent of each other. The<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> \u2018ulam\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, writers, poets, teachers, government officers and different institutions and newspapers had created for these societies environments for transforming themselves into independent intellectual and literary units. Visiting each other, maintaining personal contacts, various festivals, poetic symposiums, and literary gatherings, had helped these societies remain psychologically, intellectually, and emotionally intact. It is difficult to guess as to what extent the newspapers published from various cities would have brought the literary circles closer to each other. However, during the second half of the 19<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> century, more than the newspapers and journals, letters performed this function. The letters are an important source of the thought-currents in that period. These letters generally deal with non-literary, social, political and religious issues and figures, like the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of Dehli, Lakhnow, Patna, Allahabad, Lahore, Bhopal, Haidarabad or the letters of Syed Ahmad Kh\u0305an of Aligarh and Muhsin-ul-Mulk of Haidar\u0305ab\u0305ad, especially those that were published in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Aligarh Institute Gazette<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tahz\u0305ibul-Akhl\u0305aq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> or in the Urdu newspapers of north India. Poets and other litterateurs in the main however, ignore use of letters for communications of their thoughts. In that period, Ghalib seems to have been a stand-out exception. It is interesting to note that his letters written to friends, disciples and patrons, were becoming famous and there was a clamour for their publication materialising in two collections\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018Ud -i Hindi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Urdu-yi Mu\u2018all\u0305a.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A study of letters written between 1847 and 1869 (when he was 53) show that: (i) Ghalib started writing letters when he was almost done with his poetic life and collections of his Urdu and Persian poetry were published; (ii) he had realized that his life as a poet has reached culmination and letter-writing was now to be his mode of self-expression; (iii) if, during this period, his emotional and intellectual personalities are studied closely one would find that he was a man who had passed through all stages of desires, unfulfilled wishes, failures and deprivations, had measured and identified all of his poetic and non-poetic dimensions and had, also, intellectually confirmed all poetic experiences related to religion, the world, and the afterworld. In short, he had achieved full control over looking at himself as the other and; (iv) in impelling him to take up letter-writing, the Revolution of Delhi played a major role. The ruthlessness and speed with which British imperialism had destroyed Delhi and its culture has no parallel in Indian history. Most probably, Ghalib continued to write letters in order to record the destruction of Delhi. His pen has ensured that they are now securely housed as literary classics. Before turning to his narration of atrocities visited on Dehli by British imperialism, let us see how he describes his own pathetic life during that period. The murder of Delhi relates to the style of letter-writing that Ghalib describes as \u2018conversation \u2018or dialogue (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>muk\u0305alamah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Heart-to-heart communication is possible only through conversation, which is a key feature of his letter-writing. If anyone else comes closer to this style, it is Syed Ahmad Kh\u0305an of Aligarh, with the difference that Syed Ahmad was not in need of any friend. The addressees he needed were those who could help him in his social mission. Ghalib\u2019s case is different. He always revelled in friendship. In his letters, more than himself his addressee would be revealed moving around, laughing, talking, consoling, and so on. There is no distance visible between him and his addressee. Both would converse about each other and would not deliver sermons. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There is no doubt that Ghalib had started letter-writing without thought of publication or of being recognised as a prose stylist. He had started writing letters after he could no longer write poetry. It was, perhaps, in order to bear the agony of inability to write poetry that he took up letter-writing as a creative compulsion. Letters could recreate the world lost forever. \u201cI am thirsty for dialogue. When two persons are at a distance, conversing is possible only through the language of pen.\u201d<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 2 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For about the next twenty-two years, in his letters, he kept talking, thinking and feeling, going through intense torments and praying for his death. Letters have almost replaced his poetry. The credit for elevating the status of letter-writing by creating a literary genre of it goes to him. The loving care with which he would write letters, make covers, date every letter in the Christian era, and then post them, was unique for a respected poet of those times. He also used the device of sending letters unstamped to ensure safe delivery. \u201cThere are few chances of letters being lost. I am the founder of this custom. I am sending this letter unstamped. You should also do this.\u201d<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> For him, physical, spiritual and emotional torments were a given condition and he accepted them with equanimity. In his letter to \u2018Abdurrazz\u0305aq Sh\u0305akir, he says that writing letters in Persian has been discontinued and he now uses only Urdu and expresses satisfaction that collections of his Persian books, treatises and letters had already been published and reached all regions. He prays for the appreciation of these collections by the learned. \u201cIf God so wished, my name would remain till the Day of Judgment.\u201d<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">So even as the curtain has rung down on Ghalib the poet, it has risen to uncover him as a commentator on, and chronicler of, cultural, social and political events. Here, unlike his verse compositions, he is more blunt in his comments on all issues. He is neither pious nor evil, neither religious nor atheist, worldly nor spiritual, poor nor wealthy, Sufi nor reveller. Ghalib is neither in the determinist nor freewill camp. He is both rational as well as anti-rational; he claims nothing. He worships neither women nor images; he is all this and insists that his addressees and other readers of letters should treat him as possessing all these qualities. A reading of these letters is a sort of exercise in uncovering veils of suffering, of becoming familiar with them and ignoring them because all these seem to have settled into a new normal. Our intention is to learn through the letters his outlook on life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib\u2019s poetry, as a whole, is a world of bewilderment. This quality is present in his letters as well, with the difference that here the bewilderment is not of his imagination but of his personality. He is to be studied through his social, political, literary, mental, and emotional life during the Rebellion and beyond: days and nights, hygiene and grooming, prison, lack of money, loans, liquor, gambling, royal court, the sight of his friends hanged in the streets of Delhi; his views on disciples, nobles, rulers, British officers, Queen Victoria, publishers, private bankers and so on. Looking inward, he not only feels and sees himself, but is empowered by separating himself from himself. Ghalib has made it possible to see himself as \u2018the other\u2019 of himself. This is, in fact, a process of creation of a twin of himself. Poetry is a process of separating one\u2019s own self from one\u2019s material existence. But to be able to see and feel oneself as \u2018the other\u2019 from a distance and also to describe it demands extraordinary intellectual robustness and emotional detachment. Ghalib\u2019s twin is just like one of thousands of people living in Delhi and, like them, targeted by unfamiliar revolutions, passing through the dark shadows of the agony of loneliness, insults, fear and horrible sufferings. The erstwhile poet, Ghalib, now conveys in his letters to disciples, patrons and friends all the cruelty, ruthlessness, and savagery he witnesses. Ghalib retains in his letters both the bewilderment and the enchantment of his poetry while observing the spectacle of mundane and spiritual agony. As to the atrocities of the British, one could also see the other dimension, namely, harbingers of democracy and modernism. Ghalib\u2019s<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Dastanbo<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and his letters are the most authentic documents of the 1857 destruction of Delhi. We will analyse two themes occurring in the letters. First, the poet Ghalib\u2019s struggle to accommodate his experiences of the hard realities of life with his own intellectual perceptions of life and, second, his experiences of the 1857 revolution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>His encounters with life<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A wife, two children, three or four other persons in the house, Kallu, Kalyan, and Ayaz from outside, the wife and children of Madari, Ghaman, etc., about twenty persons more for whom food has to be provided\u200e\u2014am always concerned as to how to arrange it. I am a man and not a ghost\u2014how could I bear so much sufferings\u2026 I am an old man, unable to go anywhere; no one visits me. I used to go to the royal court and receive robes of honour. That is not possible now. I am neither popular nor condemned, neither innocent nor accused, neither useless nor useful.\u201d (in a letter to Yusuf Mirz\u0305a, Nov. 28, 1859)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">You are asking for new poetry\u2026. Love-poetry is as distant from me as unbelief is from belief\u2014when I was a court bard, I used to write eulogies for the king or other nobles and receive robes of honour.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Robes have now ceased and so has eulogy\u200e\u2014neither <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghazal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> nor eulogy, satire nor lampooning is my principle.\u201d (in a letter to Mirz\u0305a H\u0305atim \u2018Ali Mehr, July 2, 1860)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Except for the recollection of talent in writing poetry perfected over fifty or fifty-five-years, no energy now is left in me. Whenever I come across any piece of my poetry or of prose, it surprises me and I wonder how could I have written such poetry and prose!\u201d (to Chaudhri \u2018Abdulghaf\u0305ur, Nov. 1860)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On receiving five hundred rupees from his friend, Hargopal Taftah, he writes: \u201cMy dear, after paying for various expenses, only hundred or hundred and fifty will remain with me. The unpaid interest of the banker is about fifteen or sixteen hundred. The hundred rupees sent by B\u0305ab\u0305us\u0305ahab were paid to the English businessman for that thing which is prohibited in my religion and permitted in your religion!\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On publication of his books, he writes, \u201cI do not have anything to eat nor wine to drink. How can I publish books? It is winter and I do not have any quilt.\u201d (to M\u0305ir Mahdi Majr\u0305uh, Oct. 1858)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He even had to dispose of a foreign <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hookah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and a shawl to meet expenses. (to Hargopal Taftah, July 18, 1858)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>His early years<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">; <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He was five when he lost his father and his uncle when he was nine. As inheritors of the latter\u2019s lands, he and some others, were fixed a sum of ten thousand annually. But he was given only three thousand a year. His appeals to the British government received no response. Among benefactors, the king of Dehli fixed fifty rupees per month, his successor made it Rs. 400 per year, but that was discontinued. \u2018I am, also, unable to write any panegyric of anyone for some reward,\u2019 writes Ghalib. (to Chaudhri \u2018Abdulghaf\u0305ur, Nov. 1860)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u2018<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Listen! There are two worlds\u200e\u2014 the world of spirit and the world of matter. The ruler of both is One, and has asked: \u201cWhose shall be the kingdoms of his day (Judgement Day)? and has Himself given the answer: \u2018That of the one God, the All-Powerful.\u2019 Though it is the general rule that those who sin in this world of earth and water receive their punishment in the world of the spirits, it has sometimes happened that those who have sinned in the world of spirits are sent to undergo punishment in this world. Thus, I, on the 8<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Rajab, 1212 A.H. was sent here to stand trial. I was kept waiting in the cells for sixteen years, and then on the 7<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Rajab, 1228 A. H. I was sentenced to life-imprisonment. A chain (Ghalib\u2019s wife) was fastened to my feet, and the city of Delhi has been designated my prison. I was confined there, and condemned to the hard labour of composing prose and verse. After some years, I escaped from prison and ran away to the east (Calcutta) where I roamed at liberty for three years. In the end, I was apprehended in Calcutta and brought back and thrown into the same jail. Seeing that I would try to escape again, they fettered my hands as well. (The two boys whom Ghalib adopted as \u2018grandsons\u2019). The fetters chafed my ankles, and the handcuffs wounded my wrists. My prescribed hard labour became a greater burden to me, and my strength departed from me, and still handcuffed, ran off, leaving my fetters in a corner of my cell. By way of Meerat and Muradabad, I made my way to Rampur. A few days short of two months had passed when I was apprehended and brought back again. Now, I have promised not to run away again. And, how can I? I no longer have the strength. I now await the order of my release. When will it come? There is just a possibility that I may be freed this very month, Zil Hij, 1277 A.H. (Ghalib had prophesied that he would die in 1277). But be that as it may, a man released from jail makes straight for home, and I too, when deliverance comes, will go to the world of spirits.\u2019 (to Chaudhri\u2018Abdulghaf\u0305ur, Nov. 1860) <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I am about seventy years. I did not get any return from poetry except rewardless fame. Received nothing except admiration from the elite.\u201d (to Munshi Hab\u0305ibullah Zuk\u0305a, August 26, 1863)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In a letter he gives details of monetary help extended to him from different sources: \u2018from aunt for bread, from Kh\u0305an, the ruler of Alwar; sometimes mother sends some money from Agra; sixty-two rupees from the collectorate; a hundred from Rampur; monthly interest is to the banker. Payment to watchman, wife, children, while the income is the same, Rs.160. How to meet expenses? How to manage? He cut short his daily meals and gave up drinking. (to \u2018Al\u0305audd\u0305in Ahmad Kh\u0305an, July 27, 1862)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I am only a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>yak-fana<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (having a single art\/skill) man. By my faith, I did not receive the recognition I deserved. The demands of bohemianism, free-thinking and of kindness which God has endowed me could not be realised. I am not physically able to hold a stick in hand with a cotton carpet and a mug hanging from it and start travelling to Shir\u0305az, Egypt or to Najaf. Nor can I afford to host the world, or if not of the whole world, at least do not want to see anyone hungry or naked. Ignore my poetry or my intellectual prowess&#8211;if there is one who could not see anyone begging and who himself is begging from one place to another place, \u200ethat is me!\u201d (to Mirz\u0305a \u2018Al\u0305audd\u0305in Ahmad Kh\u0305an, Feb. 13, 1865)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The letters referred to were written between 1848 and 1869. In that period Ghalib\u2019s health continued to deteriorate. The timeline of his ailments is as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1855: age 58: lost teeth, became deaf, hands trembling<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1857: age 60: deterioration in eyesight, loss of memory<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1859: age 62 years: attack of colic<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1863; age 66: blood infection, sores, inflammation in the feet<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1864: 67: conditions worsened, especially memory loss<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1867: age 70: total loss of hearing, communication through writing, two men carry him from room to hall and back.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1868: age 71: loss of sight in one eye, dictating letters to others. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1869: Writes to \u2018Al\u0305audd\u0305in Kh\u0305an a day before his passing away, \u201cWhy do you ask me about my health, find out from my neighbours in a day or two.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The following are his narratives of and comments on his conditions, his life and experiences as a poet, etc.:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Look at me! I am neither free nor captive, neither healthy nor ill, neither happy nor sad, neither alive nor dead. Going on living. Would die when death calls. No thanksgiving, no complaints. What I said is just like a story.\u201d (to Mirz\u0305a Hargopal Taftah, Dec.19, 1858)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535226232\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Mentioned above was Ghalib\u2019s tendency to see and show himself as a total \u2018other\u2019\/ <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghair<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u063a\u06cc\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> . In fact, this is how he himself describes it: \u201cCurrently, not to speak of the people, I have lost every hope of any response from God. Have become my own spectator. I enjoy suffering and insults. That is, I have conceptualised myself as my own \u2018other\u2019. When I suffer, I say \u2018Ghalib has received another hit. Was very proud of himself, of being a great poet and a Persian scholar. There is no one like me in the world. The truth is that with the death of Ghalib died an atheist, an unbeliever. Do you have any answer to your lender? You considered yourself a Salj\u0305uq\u0305i and an Afr\u0305asi\u0305abi.What is this disrespect being shown to you? Do you have any answer? You are shameless. You go on taking liquor from the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kothi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, flowers from the florist, cloth from the cloth merchant, and money from the moneylender without a thought of how to pay them back!\u201d (to Mirz\u0305a Qurb\u0305an \u2018Ali Baig S\u0305alik)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">At a young age, Ghalib had already won recognition as a distinguished poet. Sixty years later, he was passing through the agony of not being able to write any poetry. This was a period of extreme loneliness, of not having any intellectual companionship. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>He did not know what to do about it:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There is no patron in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Hindust\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> to join with, and break away from the existing group that lacks respect. My asset is my poetry and that has no buyer. I have wasted my whole life. I did not pay attention to singing from which I could earn my bread in that profession. Once, a friend of mine feeling sorry for me remarked that I should have been born in the times of Akbar and Sh\u0305ahjah\u0305an. I said, by God, I would have been neglected and insulted in those times too.\u2019 (to N\u0305uro \u2018Ali Kh\u0305an Bahaur, tr. Partau Rohilah)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Do you know that the climax of hopelessness demands giving up all things? My climax of hopelessness is that I am living hoping for death and freedom from any desire. Have about two or two and a half years more to live and would pass through it.\u201d (to Ghul\u0305am Ghaus Kh\u0305an Be-Khabar)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">These letters show that eight or nine years before his death, Ghalib was living without any financial support and the Delhi society was too engulfed in a state of mental, psychological, and economic chaos to care about him. The prose period of Ghalib was one of the high points of his creativeness and, at the same time, it was also a period of decline of his poetic life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Poetic decline<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">My poetic compositions were never with me. Nav\u0305ab Zi\u0305audd\u0305in Kh\u0305an and Nav\u0305ab Husain Mirz\u0305a used to copy them and preserve them. The houses of both were looted. Libraries worth thousands of rupees were destroyed. Now, I eagerly long to see my poetry. A few days before, a beggar with a melodious voice got hold of a ghazal from somewhere. He showed it to me. I cried.\u201d (to \u2018Abdurrazz\u0305aq Sh\u0305akir) It was a popular <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghazal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> with the first couplet as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062a \u06a9\u0634 \u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u0686\u06be\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dard minnat-kash-i dav\u0305a nah huv\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>main nah achh\u0305a huv\u0305a bur\u0305a nah huv\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Pain did not need favour of any medicine,<br \/>\nit was good that I did not recover.}<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(to H\u0305atim\u2018Ali Mehr, Nov. 1858)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Writing poetry has no value:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Listen my friend: in poetry, Firdausi; in ascetic devotion, Hasan of Basrah; and in love Majn\u0305un\u2014these three are the prominent leaders in these three arts. The high point of a poet\u2019s attainment is to become Firdausi; that of an ascetic achievement is to rival Hasan of Basrah; and the ideal of a lover is to match Majn\u0305un.\u201d<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 3<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">When \u2018Urfi, an eminent Persian poet (1556-1591), could not get anything from the fame of his panegyric, how would publishing of my panegyrics benefit me? Everything\u200e\u2014poetry, prose, or panegyric\u200e\u2014is illusion and non-existent except God. Nothing exists except Allah.\u201d (to Hargop\u0305al Taftah, Jan. 20, 1861)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I have now ceased to be a poet; I am reduced to being only an appreciator of poetry\u2014when I see my past poetry, I wonder how I could have written it!\u201d (to Hargop\u0305al Taftah, April 12, 1858)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Writing eulogistic poetry<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">During Ghalib\u2019s era, writers, artists, and intellectuals were patronized by the ruling class and the well-to-do. This class, proud of its wealth, considered writers and the poets as dependants and sought their praise in return for social and financial sustenance. Ghalib was a part of this culture and was compelled to seek help from this very class of people and did so all his life. His relations with the royalty and the rich were alike. Apart from panegyrics, all his correspondence with them consists of narratives of his illnesses, poverty, and difficulties. The exaggerations in his panegyrics invited allegations of flattery and opportunism from a section of his commentators. Undoubtedly, the panegyrics contain extravagant titles and expressions way beyond what was required. How this should be construed? As his poetry proper or pleas for financial help? Do they represent the inner feelings of Ghalib or merely the conventions of the imperial culture of that period? <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In fact, Ghalib himself hated heaping such praise on patrons. Regarding a person in whose praise he had written a panegyric, he said that the person concerned had no clue about this genre of Urdu poetry. (to Hargop\u0305al Taftah). Writing panegyrics to please an influential person in expectation of a favour or monetary benefit was not a real tribute but merely a convention. It also happened that a panegyric written for a particular person was modified for another person. Ghalib had also done so.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> He requested financial support to meet meagre day-to-day expenditure. Again, he considered such help not only as financial help but as a recognition of his high status as a poet. In case there was no such recognition indicated, he retracted, in a way, his panegyric. \u201cSince the person did not care to appreciate my praise, I too have decided not to include it in my collection of poetry.\u201d (to Tafazzulhusain Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi. tr. Partau Rohilah) Similarly, in a panegyric he replaced his addressee, the King Amjad \u2018Ali Sh\u0305ah, (after his death), with another King, V\u0305ajid \u2018Ali Sh\u0305ah. (letter to Y\u0305usuf Mirz\u0305a) In another letter, he clarifies his position saying that in spite of his low social status, he enjoyed respect in his own circle, was appreciated by the Mughal Emperor and the Governor General and also received written appreciation, among others, from Ab\u0305u Zafar Sir\u0305ajudd\u0305in Bah\u0305adur B\u0305adsh\u0305ah and James Thomson of Akbarabad. He requested that he should not be considered a flatterer. He was, in a way, \u2018wealthy within his poverty\u2019. He did not flatter kings and princes. (to Tafazzul Husain Kh\u0305an, tr. Partau Rohilah). In his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masnavi Abr-i Guharb\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, he has described how he looked at persons who were the subjects of his praise.:<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u063a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u06af \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0627 \u0632\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u06c1\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06c1 \u062c\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u064e\u062a\u0650 \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0627\u06a9 \u0686\u0627\u06a9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0634 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u06c1\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>bah\u0305ar\u0305an v man dar gham-i barg v s\u0305az<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>dar-i khanah az be-nav\u0305a\u2019\u0305i far\u0305az<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bin\u0305a s\u0305azg\u0305ari ze hams\u0305ayag\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ba-sarm\u0305ayah ju\u2019\u0305I ze be-m\u0305ayeg\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sar az minnat-i n\u0305akas\u0305an zer-i kh\u0305ak<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>lab az kh\u0305akbos-i khas\u0305an ch\u0305ak ch\u0305ak<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ba-d\u0305an \u2018umr-I n\u0305a-khush kih man d\u0305ashtam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ze j\u0305an kh\u0305ar dar pairahan d\u0305ashtam<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Springtime, me suffering from want of food; sometimes a target of neighbours\u2019 ire, sometimes forced to beg for money from mean persons, sometimes burdened with the favour of mean and dishonest people\u2026. I have lived a distressful life as if, in me, there is not a soul but a thorn.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>1857 Rebellion:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib\u2019s immediate reactions to the 1857 destruction of Delhi are available in his letters, in verses and in his diary, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Dastanbo<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">To Hargop\u0305al Taftah:<\/span><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> 5<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535227185\"><\/a> \u201c<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">Do you understand what has happened, and what is going on? There was a former birth in which you and I were friends, and all the many things that happen between close friends happened between us. We composed our verses and compiled our diwans. In that age there was a gentleman who was our sincere friend <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2014 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">my friend and ours. Munshi Nabi Baksh was his name, and \u2018Haqir\u2019 his <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>takhallus<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">. Suddenly that age came to an end, and all the friendly dealings and sincerity and love and joy ended with it. After a while we received another birth. But, although to all appearances this birth is exactly like the first one\u200e\u2014I write a letter to Munshi NabiI Bakhsh S\u0305ahab and receive the reply, and today I get a letter from you, and your name is still Munsh\u0305i Hargop\u0305al and your <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>takhallus Taftah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, and the city I live in is still called Dehli and the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>muhallah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">\u200e<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u0648 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">but not one of the friends of the former birth is to be found. By God, you may search for a Muslim in the city and you would not find one <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2014 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">rich, poor, and artisans alike are gone.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">But for that I should have been in Dehli now. Do not think I am exaggerating. Everyone, rich and poor alike, has left the city, and those who did not leave of their own accord have been expelled. Nobles, grant-holders, wealthy persons, artisans <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> none are left. I am afraid to write you a detailed account. Those who were in the service of the Fort are being drastically dealt with, and are harassed with interrogations and arrests<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">but that is only those who entered the service of the Court during these months and took part in the revolt. I am a poor poet, attached to the Court for the last ten to twelve years for writing chronograms and correcting verses\u2014call it Court service if you like, or call it wage-labour. In this upheaval I have had no part in any matter of policy. I simply carried on with my verse-correcting, and considering that I was innocent of any offence, I have not left the city. The authorities know that I am here, but they have found nothing against me either in the royal papers or in the statements of informers, and accordingly I have not been summoned to appear before them. Otherwise, when high-ranking nobles have been summoned or arrested, of what account am I? In short, I sit in the house and cannot as much as step outside, much less get into the palanquin and go visiting. As for anyone coming to see me, who is there left in the city? House after house lies deserted, and the punishment of offenders goes on. Martial law was clamped down on May 11, and is still in force today Saturday 5<\/span><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">th<\/span><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> December 1857. No one knows how life will go on in the city. In fact, the authorities have not even turned their attention to such things. Let us see what will come of it all. No one enters or leaves the city without permit. On no account should you think of coming here. We must still wait and see whether Muslims are permitted to return to their houses in the city or not. Anyway, give my regards to Munshi Sahib and show him this letter. Your letter has just come, and I have sat down and replied to it right away and given it to the postman.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">As for me, I have forgotten how to write poetry, and forgotten all the verses I ever wrote too<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">or rather, all except a couplet-and-a-half of my Urdu verse, that is, one final couplet of a <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ghazal<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, and one line. This is the couplet. Whenever my heart sinks within me it comes to my lips and I recite it\u200e\u2014-five times, ten times<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">over and over again!\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u06cc \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">!<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>zindagi apni jab is shakl se guzri, Ghalib!<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ham bhiky\u0305a y\u0305ad karenge keh Khud\u0305a rakhte the<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The way I lived my life, how could I remember that I too had a God?}<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">And when I sense the end of my life, I recite this line to myself:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">O sudden death, why are you delaying?\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">And I relapse into silence. Do not think that it is grief for my own misery or my own ruin that is choking me. I have a deeper sorrow, so deep that I cannot attempt to tell you, and can only hint at. Among the English whom those nefarious black scoundrels slaughtered, some were the focus of my bosom companions, and some my pupils in poetry. Among the Indians some were my kinsmen, some my friends, some my pupils and some whom I loved. And all of them are laid down in dust. How grievous it is to mourn<\/span><\/span><i> <\/i><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">one\u2019s loved ones. What must his life be like who has to mourn so many? Alas! So many of my friends are dead now that if I should die there will be none to weep for me. \u201cVerily we are from God, and verily to him we shall return.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"western\"><a name=\"_Toc20923271\"><\/a> Ghalib\u2019s Religious Concerns<\/h1>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u2018 \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0634 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u0650 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0644\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0679 \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648 \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ham muvahhid hain, ham\u0305ar\u0305a kaish hai tark-i rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>millaten jab mit gai\u2019\u0305in, ajz\u0305a-yi \u0305im\u0305an hoga\u2019\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{We are unitarians, our motto is renunciation of religious rituals; when ideological differences are effaced, they become parts of pure faith.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib\u2019s mystical tendencies have been discussed separately. Here, his thought on issues related to religion as reflected in his letters is being analysed. He has fully explained his religious and Sufi personality in his letter of 1864 to \u2018Al\u0305a \u2018udd\u0305in Kh\u0305an. He says that becoming famous by teaching some street-children or having a glance at the treatises of Im\u0305am Ab\u0305u Han\u0305ifah for issues dealing with women is one thing and to have an insight into the essence of Existential Unity is another. A<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> mushrik<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (associator) is one who regards Being as common to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vajib<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (Necessary Being) and the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mumkin<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (possible). \u201cI am a pure Unitarian (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>muvahhid-i kh\u0305alis<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and a perfect man of faith (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>momin-i k\u0305amil<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). On my tongue is, \u2018there is no God except Allah\u2019, while my heart believes in \u2018there is no existence except Allah (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a mauj\u0305ud ill\u0305a Allah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">)\u2019, and nothing is functional in existence except Allah (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a muassir fi\u2019al-vuj\u0305ud ill\u0305a Allah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). All messengers are to be respected and all in their own times were to be obeyed. Messengership came to an end with Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him). He is the last of the messengers and Mercy to all worlds. The end of messengership is the beginning of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Im\u0305amat. Im\u0305amat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is not by consensus but it is from Allah. Ali is the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Im\u0305am <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">designated by Allah, then Hasan, then Husain until Im\u0305am Mahdi. And, (I concede) I consider the concept of all things as belonging to all (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ib\u0305ahat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and heresy (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>zandaqah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) as condemned and drinking as prohibited (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>har\u0305am)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The views mentioned above lead to the following points:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The study of Islam is essentially the study of Unity of Being.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The legal and jurisprudential interpretation of Islam does not represent Islam in its totality. Only search by seekers of Unity of Being and their experiences and impressions can perform this task.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shirk<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shirk fit-Tauh\u0305id<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">: Existence resides only in the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vajib<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (Necessary Being) and not in the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Mumkin<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (the Possible). Those who think that Existence resides in both the Necessary and the Possible are believers in two Beings \u2014 Allah and that which is Besides Allah, that is, the existing world.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shirk fir-Ris\u0305alat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> : To believe in some person other than the Messenger as the Final Messenger.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shirk fi al-Im\u0305amat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> : To believe in someone as <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Im\u0305am <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">other than the twelve <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Im\u0305am<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">s up to Mahdi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I am a pure Unitarian (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>muvahhid-i kh\u0305alis<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and a perfect man of faith (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>momin-i k\u0305amil<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). On my tongue is, \u2018there is no God except Allah\u2019 and my heart believes in, \u2018there is no existence except Allah (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a mauj\u0305ud ill\u0305a Allah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">)\u2019 and nothing is functional in existence except Allah (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>la muassir fi al-vuj\u0305ud ill\u0305a Allah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Here Ghalib is making a distinction between the verbal and sincere (of heart) commitment to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tauhid.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> This distinction is essentially the distinction between two interpretations of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tauhid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, that is, between believers and non-believers in<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vahdatul-Vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Ghalib is a believer in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vahdatul-Vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, but here, through his declaration of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a il\u0305aha<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> by the tongue, is fulfilling the condition of being a Muslim; in his heart, however, he claims that nothing exists except God and if any other existence is felt that also indicates God.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>. Nabi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> \/ <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u0646\u0628\u06cc<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(Messenger): All Messengers are to be obeyed in their respective eras. The Messenger of Islam is the last Messenger and a \u2018Mercy for the Worlds\u2019 (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Rahmat al-lil- \u2018\u0305Alam\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">8.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Im\u0305amat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">: First, Ghalib signifies a relationship between messengership (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nubuvvat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305amat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> similar to that between <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>maqta\u2018<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (the last couplet of a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghazal <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mentioning the nom de plume (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>takhallus<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) of the poet) and (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>matla\u2018<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), the first couplet of a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghazal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Ghalib is using these two not as poetic terms but in a literal sense. That is, the point where <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nubuvvat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> comes to an end is the point of emergence of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305amat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, which is to say, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305amat <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is potentially present in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nubuvvat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Second, Ghalib does not recognize any break between the end of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nubuvvat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the beginning of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305amat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, during which the process of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ijm\u0305a\u2018<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (consensus among the Muslims for the election of a successor to the Messenger) and the institution of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Khil\u0305afat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> started. In other words, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305amat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is not created by any human agency\u2014it is by Allah (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>min al- Allah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). As such, after the Messenger, Ali became the Im\u0305am and then, Hasan, Husain, up to Mahdi. This letter, written in 1864, clearly shows Ghalib as belonging to the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Im\u0305am\u0305iyah <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shi\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) sect.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">9.Wine:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib concedes that drinking is prohibited in Islam (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>har\u0305am)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and, at the same time, admits to his being a drunkard\u2014not something to be proud of but as a sin for which he deserves the punishment of hell. But, here also, he creates an excuse for being rewarded by saying that he would be put in hell in order to make the fire hotter for non-believers in the Messenger\u2019s <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nubuvvat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> im\u0305amat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of Ali!<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">His first letter mentioning his being a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shi\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> was written in September,1857, and addressed to his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shi\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> friend, Mirz\u0305a H\u0305atim \u2018Ali Mehr. All good actions and the appearance of hope are cited by him as enjoying the blessings of \u2018Ali. (See also his letter to Nav\u0305ab Y\u0305usuf Mirz\u0305a mentioning his fruitful meeting with the commissioner of Dehli.) In another letter to \u2018Abdul Razz\u0305aq, he made a similar statement. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The problem with Ghalib is that he has his own world of facts and truths; while he insists on his being a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shi\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, he is also averse to be being bound by commitment to any faith and sect.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Whether any one believes it or not, human beings whether Muslim or Hindu or Christian are all dear to me and I consider them as my brothers.\u201d (letter to Har Gopal Taftah) In another letter to \u2018Al\u0305a\u2019udd\u0305in Ahmad Kh\u0305an, in response to his requests for sending certain compositions of his poetry, he does not mind swearing not only by the Qur\u2018an, but also by the Bible, the Old Testament, the Zub\u0305ur, the four Vedas of the Hindus and the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Das\u0305atir<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Again, he reminds Mir Mahdi Majr\u0305uh about praying regularly in the mosque and sometimes fasting. He refers in various letters to his being a Muslim. In his poetic life, Ghalib had been mentioning his deprivations in terms of experiences, but, in prose these sometimes turn into frustrations. He says (letter to Mirz\u0305a Qurb\u0305an \u2018Ali Baig S\u0305alik) that by losing faith in God\u2019s help, in utter hopelessness regarding absence of God\u2019s help, he had become <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u0305afir-i mutlaq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (an absolute non-believer) and, according to the belief of followers of Islam, had lost all hopes of God\u2019s forgiveness of his sins. Along with issues of life after death and reward and punishment, the issue of paradise and hell keeps him deeply concerned. His poetic imagination places and depicts human limitations and weaknesses created by God side by side with the belief in the laws of reward and punishment. While doing so, Ghalib removes paradise and hell from the God-man relationship so that there is no temptation of any rewards for obeying God\u2019s commands. As to the rewards in paradise, he shudders at the thought of living there in the same diamond-studded palace, the same gardens, and with the same <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>h\u0305ur<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> for ever. It would be utterly unbearable! (letter to Mirza H\u0305atim \u2018Ali Mehr) <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In letters to friends, Ghalib had been mentioning his religious beliefs. He insists, on the one hand, on his being <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Sh\u0305i\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, and, on the other, his being above any such distinctions. An important source of estimating the nature of his religiosity is his<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Masnavi Shashum<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Commenting on the controversial nature of the religious validity of certain socio-religious customs (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, plural of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rasm<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) prevalent among the Muslim societies of the time, he adopted what we would call today a sociological argument. Instead of looking at it from a purely religious or a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Sufi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> point of view, he argues that the social component dominates socio-religious customs and the construction of the socio-religious customs of a community depends largely on the cultural ethos of the territory the community lives in. Opinions among the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> were divided on this issue; for some, these customs were permitted by the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> while according to the followers of Muhammad Ibn \u201cAbdul Vahh\u0305ab (called <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vahh\u0305abi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) they were <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bid\u2018\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (innovations, plural of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bida\u2018<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> innovation) since they were not in line with commandments of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Let us see what Ghalib has to say on this matter in his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masnavi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> on the following issues:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Sources of Faith\/ <\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u0646<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>(<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Us\u0305ul-i D\u0305in<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b> ):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">After God\u2019s praise and homage to the Messenger, he suggests certain sources of faith (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>us\u0305ul-i d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) to help intellectuals acquire an insight into such issues:<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u062c\u0632 \u062d\u0642 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632\u0622\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nur-i mahz v asl-i hast\u0305i z\u0305a\u0305t-i \u0305ust<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>harche juz Haq b\u0305in\u0305i az \u0305ay\u0305at-i \u0305ust<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Pure light and the source of beings is the essence of the creator and whatever you observe other than God is His signs.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0648\u062a \u06af\u0627\u06c1 \u063a\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ta ba-khilvat- g\u0305ah-i ghaib al-ghaib b\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>husn r\u0305a andishah sar dar jeb b\u0305ud.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535229162\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Until <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>husn-i azali<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> remained in the state of absence of absence (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghaib-i ghaib)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, it was engaged in one concern\u200e\u2014 how to emerge from this state.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0686\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0627 \u0632\u063a\u06cc\u0628 \u063a\u06cc\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>s\u0305urat-i fikr \u0305in kih b\u0305ari ch\u0305un kunad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305a ze ghaib-i ghaib sar bir\u0305un kunad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">The concern was regarding how it would come out of absence (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ghaib<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">.)}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0644\u0648\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u06c1\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0648\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>jalvah kard az khv\u0305ish ham bar khv\u0305ishtan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305ad khilvat r\u0305a furogh-i anjuman<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535229229\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{God dawned on Himself, thus converting privacy (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khilvat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) into open presence (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>jilvat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0633\u062a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0638\u06c1\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>n\u0305ur-i Haq-ast Ahmad v lam\u2018\u0305an-i n\u0305ur<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>az nabi dar auliy\u0305a d\u0305arad zuh\u0305ur<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{The illumination (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>n\u0305ur<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">) of God is Ahmad\/ Muhammad<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">and from the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> nabi <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">it has appearance in the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> auli\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (saints).} <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0648 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0628\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0686\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>har val\u0305i partav paz\u0305ir-ast az nabi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ch\u0305un mah az khud mustan\u0305irast az nabi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Every saint (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>val\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) receives light from the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nabi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Like the moon he illuminates himself from the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nabi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535229324\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Istimd\u0305ad v tavvasul-i Aul\u0305i\u0305a<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> \/<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Seeking the help and mediation of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>aul\u0305i\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (saints) is permissible (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>j\u0305a\u2019iz<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0628\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u067e\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>az nabi v az vali khv\u0305ahi madad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305a nah pind\u0305ari kih n\u0305aj\u0305a\u2019iz buvad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Seeking the help of a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nab\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (messenger) and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>val\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (saint) is not prohibited.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0644\u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c1\u0627 \u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0634\u0627\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bar nay\u0305ayad k\u0305ar be farm\u0305an-i Sh\u0305ah<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>lek \u0305a\u2019\u0305inhast b\u0305a kh\u0305as\u0305an-i Sh\u0305ah<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Although only God is the ultimate authority, persons close to the King know the laws. And, therefore, help can be sought from a those close to the Sh\u0305ah.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Nid\u0305a<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b> \/<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u0646\u062f\u0627 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>\/ Calling God or \u2018Ali for help is permitted.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u062a \u06c1\u0631\u06a9\u06c1 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0634 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648\u067e\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0644\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vaqt-i h\u0305ajat harkeh goyad y\u0305a \u2018Ali<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ba Haqash k\u0305ar-ast v pozash b\u0305a \u2018Ali<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{When, in times of necessity, one calls \u2018Ali, it means that he addresses Ali but seeks help from God.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u2018 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u2018 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>y\u0305a Muhammad jan faz\u0305ayad guftanash<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>y\u0305a \u2018Ali mushkil kush\u0305ayad guftanash<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Calling <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018Y\u0305a Muhammad<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2019 extends life, and calling <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018Y\u0305a \u2018Ali\u2019<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> solves all problems.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0686\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u0632\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u06a9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u2018 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0686\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u06a9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ch\u0305un \u2018iy\u0305a\u0305nat khv\u0305ahi az Yazd\u0305an-i p\u0305ak<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>y\u0305a Mu\u2018\u0305inudd\u0305in agar go\u0305i cheh b\u0305ak?<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{There is nothing to fear if one calls \u2018<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ya Mu\u0305inuddd\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2019 in order to seek God\u2019s help.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06c1\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0641\u062a\u06af\u0648\u06c1\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0631\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ablah\u0305an r\u0305a z\u0305ankeh d\u0305anish na-ras\u0305ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>guftagu-h\u0305a bar sar-i harf-i nid\u0305ast <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Since fools are shorn of reason, they dispute the call <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nid\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u06cc\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0627\u06ba \u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0634\u0627\u06c1 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0633\u06af\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u06c1\u0631\u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u062f\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>maulav\u0305i-yi m\u2018anavi \u2018Abdulaz\u0305iz<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>v\u0305an Raf\u0305iudd\u0305in d\u0305anishmand n\u0305iz<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Sh\u0305ah \u2018Abdul Q\u0305adir-i d\u0305anish sag\u0305al<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u0305in do tan ra b\u0305ud dar gauhar ham\u0305al<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>burdan-i n\u0305am-i nabi v auli\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khud rav\u0305a guftand b\u0305a harf-i nid\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Shah Valiullah\u2019s sons, Sh\u0305ah \u2018Abdulq\u0305adir and Sh\u0305ah \u2018Abdul\u2018az\u0305iz have permitted the use of word, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Y\u0305a,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> for seeking help from the saints. Similarly, the eminent Chishti saint, Kal\u0305imullah, and the spiritual personality, Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fakhrudd\u0305in permitted it.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535229601\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Annual Celebrations of the Messenger\u2019s birthday:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib does not see anything wrong in it.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535229672\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Naqsh-i Qadam<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i><b> \/<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><i><b> <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0642\u062f\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>\/ footprint<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Respecting the stone considered to have the footprint of the Messenger is also not objectionable.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0644 \u06c1\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u06c1\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0686\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0632\u062f\u0639\u0634\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u2019\u2019\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0650 \u0642\u062f\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>har kar\u0305a dil hast v \u0305im\u0305an n\u0305iz ham<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ch\u0305un navarzad \u2018ishq ba naqsh-i qadam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>{<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Why would one who has a heart and faith not love the footprint of the Messenger?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0635\u062f \u0641\u0631\u06c1\u0646\u06af \u0631\u0634\u06a9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u067e\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0646\u06af \u0631\u0634\u06a9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>burd az khuv\u0305isham do-sad farhang-i rashk<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>m\u0305i baram z\u0305in naqsh-i p\u0305a bar sang rashk<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{On the other hand, Ghalib laments that a stone, and not his heart, has been blessed with this footprint.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Annual celebrations at the tombs of Sufi saints<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0648 \u0686\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u062a\u0634 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u06af\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u0646\u062c \u0622\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u06af\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0631\u0627\u0631\u062d\u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u06af\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0631\u067e\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062d \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0650 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0646\u06c1\u0645 \u0627\u0632\u0628\u06c1\u0631\u062e\u062f\u0627 \u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>urs-o-\u0305in sham\u2018 o char\u0305agh afrokhtan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ud dar mujmar bar \u0305atish sokhtan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>jam\u2018 gashtan dar yake aiv\u0305an hami<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>panch \u0305ayat khv\u0305andan az Qur\u2018an hami<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>n\u0305an ba-n\u0305an khvahandag\u0305an d\u0305adan digar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>murdah ra rahmat farast\u0305adan digar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gar pae tarv\u0305ih-i r\u0305uh-i auliy\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dar haqiqat \u0305an-ham az bahr-i Khud\u0305ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Ghalib says recitation of the Qur\u2018an and distribution of food to the people, for spiritual support to the souls of the departed ones is essentially to please God.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Respect for <\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>aulia<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b> (Saints): <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u06af\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0632\u067e\u06cc \u0654\u0631\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0632\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0632 \u0631\u06c1 \u062d\u0642 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u06c1\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0627 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>auli\u0305a r\u0305a gar gar\u0305ami d\u0305ashtaim<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>naz pae R\u0305umi-o-Sh\u0305ami d\u0305ashtaim<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>az bara\u0305ey \u0305an-keh \u0305in \u0305az\u0305adg\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>az rah-i haq j\u0305an-ba-j\u0305an\u0305an d\u0305adg\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>az shuh\u0305ud -i haq-tar\u0305az\u0305i d\u0305ashtan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ba khud\u0305a-yi khv\u0305ish r\u0305azi d\u0305ashtan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535229805\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{If we respect saints, it is not because of their Roman or Syrian descent, but because they devoted their lives to the path of righteousness. They knew the way of observation of the Truth (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and were close to God.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib strongly condemns those who refuse to pay respect to the saints:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u06af\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u062d\u0642\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>an vali dar y\u0305ad-i Haq mustagharaq-ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ain-i Haq gar n\u0305ist\u2019 khud mahv-i Haq-ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The saint who is engrossed in God may not be God Ghalib, Himself, but he is totally immersed in God.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib chastises those who disrespect saints:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u062f\u0645\u0628\u06cc\u06ba \u0648 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u06af\u0648\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>n\u0305ist\u0305i \u2018\u0305arif kih goyam khud mab\u0305ash<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bad ma-b\u0305in-v- bad ma-goi-v- bad ma-b\u0305ash<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{I would not ask you to cease being yourself because you are not a S<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ufi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. However, you should see no evil , speak no evil and do no evil.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u062f \u0634\u0645\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u06c1\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u06c1\u0631\u0648 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0631 \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u06af\u06c1 \u06a9\u062c\u0627 \u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u06c1 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u06c1 \u06a9\u062c\u0627 \u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bad shumardi rahrav\u0305an-i pesh r\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rahrav-i ch\u0305al\u0305ak gufti khuv\u0305ish r\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gar safar \u0305inast manzilgah kuj\u0305ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a ilah guft\u0305i v ill\u0305all\u0305ah ku\u0305jast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{You called your predecessors bad and yourself a clever traveller. If such is travel where is the destination? You have negated all except God; what about that that exists besides God?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535229900\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Now, the description given above shows Ghalib as a believer in common irrational and superstitious religious notions and customs and this would certainly be not in line with his poetic freethinking. However, Ghalib was aware of the impression his views might create and offered his own position on <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(customs) in practice among Indian Muslim societies and which continue to remain as contentious as in Ghalib\u2019s days. His argument is that there are two types of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um\u2014<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">those that are the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (containing un-Islamic content) and have to be rejected, and the other type of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> are those that are beneficial to the people and, therefore, have to be maintained. Then, he brings in his argument about the relationship between these customs and the cultural milieu of the territory where Muslims live: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0631\u06c1\u0631\u0645\u0631\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0648\u062f\u0686\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u062e\u0648 \u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u06a9\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u06a9\u0641\u0631 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0636 \u0627\u06cc \u062a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u062f\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u06a9\u062c\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0648 \u0631\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0636\u0633\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0645 \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0686 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0628\u06cc \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0632 \u0636\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0648 \u06af\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0645 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0632\u0686\u06c1 \u0631\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u06a9\u0631 \u0622\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u06cc\u0686\u0634\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0644\u0641 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hast rasm-i kh\u0305as dar har marzb\u0305um<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khud cheh mi-khv\u0305ahi ze naf\u0305i \u0305in rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>naf\u0305i-yi rasm-i kufr m\u0305a ham m\u0305i kunaim<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305ad b\u0305a d\u0305anish far\u0305aham m\u0305i kunaim<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>naf\u0305i-yi kufr \u0305a\u0305\u2019in-i arb\u0305ab-i saf\u0305ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>naf\u0305i-yi faiz ae t\u0305irah-dil rasm-i kuj\u0305ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nafi rasm-v-r\u0305ah hav\u0305a r\u0305a mi kushad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nafi-yi faizast \u0305inkeh m\u0305ar\u0305a mi kushad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ae giraft\u0305ar-i kham-v-paich-i khay\u0305al<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>naf\u0305i be-asb\u0305at na-buvad juz zal\u0305al<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>var t\u0305u go\u0305i -v- mi kunam asb\u0305at-i haq<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>az cheh r\u0305u\u2019\u0305i munkir-i \u0305ay\u0305at-i haq<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305anam az ink\u0305ar ink\u0305ar \u0305avari<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>pecheshi dar zulf-guftar \u0305avari<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Each society has its own customs and traditions which cannot be denied,we also take the path of justice by reason and reject un-Islamic customs.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535230022\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Rejection of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is the way of people of good conduct and only vicious people avoid the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>faiz<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (good effects); denying customs and traditions crushes human desires while rejection of benefits kills us.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">O prisoner of a complex imagination! Negation without affirmation is nothing but misguidance,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and if you say that I believe in God then why do you deny the signs of God?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I know that you deny the denial and complicate the narrative.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0646\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u06af\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>munkir-i isb\u0305at go\u0305i n\u0305istam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>man har\u0305if-i \u0305in do-r\u0305u\u0305i nistam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{If you say that you affirm Truth (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) then how can you deny the signs of Truth; it is doublespeak to say that I do not deny affirmation of the Truth.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: large;\">}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535230164\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0670\u06c1\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535230215\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u0622\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u062a\u06c1\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0638\u06c1\u0648\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u06c1\u0631\u0632\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u0645\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0627\u0686\u06c1 \u0627\u0632 \u06c1\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">auli\u0305a kh\u0305as\u0305an-i sh\u0305ah\u0305i n\u0305istand<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ya\u2018ni \u0305ay\u0305at-i il\u0305ah\u0305i n\u0305istand<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mu\u2018jiz\u0305at-i anbi\u0305a \u0305ay\u0305at-i k\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vin sifath\u0305a r\u0305a zuh\u0305ur-i z\u0305at k\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>in-v-\u0305an r\u0305a harzah ang\u0305ari hami<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305a che az har dar nazar d\u0305ari hami<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{You consider the saints not in the close circle of God and not the signs of God. Whose signs, then, are the miracles of the \u2018messengers\u2019 and what is the source of such attributes? You deny both the positions. What exactly do you mean by the Truth?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A question certainly arises on the sharp contradiction between these orthodox views and his pronounced non-orthodox poetic sensibilities as discussed above. Let us probe this problem further. Popular notions have never been Ghalib\u2019s favourite subjects. Why did he select for his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masnavi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> subjects related to the externals of religion? It appears that his pragmatic self might have warned him that he would have to face opposition of a large section of people if he did not interpret these customs as being in line with the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. At the same time, he was also aware that he might hurt the feelings of those who did not consider those customs in harmony with the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. In the later part of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masvavi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> he offers an apology for doing so.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u06c1 \u0628\u062f\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u06af\u0631 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u062c<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u06af\u0641\u062a\u06c1 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0646\u062c<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u06c1 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06a9\u0631\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0645\u0631\u06c2 \u0627\u06c1\u0644 \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06a9\u0631\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0631\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u062f\u06c2 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u067e\u0627\u06a9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0646\u06a9\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u06a9\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u06a9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>man nah bad guftam v gar guftam ma-ranj<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305u kar\u0305a bad guftah dar dil be-sanj<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khv\u0305ajah-yi duny\u0305a v d\u0305in ra munkar\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>zumrah-yi ahl-i yaq\u0305in ra munkar\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>b\u0305a dil-i ranjidah-yi az k\u0305inah p\u0305ak<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>munkari r\u0305a gar ba-vam munkar che b\u0305ak<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535230435\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535230505\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{I have not said anything bad and if I have done so, I do feel hurt. You are in denial of \u2018the master of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (faith) and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>duny\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (the world) and the Messenger of Islam and people of strong faith (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ahl-i yaq\u0305\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). What is wrong if, with a sad heart and with no bad feeling, I reject the rejecters?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0631\u0646\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u06c2 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0635\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0627\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a \u067e\u0646\u06c1\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>dard-i dil dar nazm guftan n\u0305ist bahs<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>man kih rindam shevah-yi man n\u0305inst bahs<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>man subakr\u0305uham gar\u0305an-j\u0305an n\u0305istam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>sad nish\u0305an paid\u0305ast pinh\u0305an n\u0305istam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{And, then, Ghalib says that his narration of his suffering in poetry does not amount to starting a discussion. I am a mild -mannered and not an aggressive man. There are hundreds of signs that are visible and not hidden.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk517360379\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Narrating belief-related issues of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masnavi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Ghalib clarifies that he was expressing his views as a poet and not as a Sufi or any religious scholar. That is, he was not apologetic but maintaining his position of a man of independent disposition with liberal independence emphasizing his being a poet and one attached to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. He holds that there is nothing wrong in following these <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> but offers no supporting arguments. He argues that there are two types of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um\u2014<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">those that are within <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d`in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and those that develop into <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (unbelief) and should be rejected. The former type of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">are regional in nature.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Creation of Man and the Universe<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535230625\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Mehr-i N\u0305\u0305imroz<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 2<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is an incomplete treatise on the history of Mughal kingship written by Ghalib as commanded by the Mughal king, Bahadur Shah Zafar. It is a good piece of literature from the standpoint of style and subject but has not generally drawn the attention of Ghalib commentators except the Urdu critic, Mumtaz Husain.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The preface to this treatise is particularly significant. Here, besides his religious concerns and beliefs, he has expressed opinions in the light of the views of Indian, Iranian, Greek, and Muslim thought on subjects like the creation of man, creation of the universe, and existence (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vuj\u0305udiyat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). As for style, it is a specimen of a flowery and ornate expression without the simplicity of his letters and the complexity of the preface of another treatise, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Sir\u0305ajul-Ma\u2018rifat. <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There, he has taken a middle position between popular opinions of common Muslims and his own sufistic point of view. It clearly shows that he took care that whatever he wrote in that royal-commissioned treatise should not be controversial and invite condemnation if not acceptance of all the three crucial spaces\u200e\u2014the royal court (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>darb\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), the hospice (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kh\u0305anq\u0305ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and the bazar (market). I would rather not like to treat these views as his own; nevertheless, they reflect the wide expanse of his knowledge, and his academic and intellectual impartiality. So far as his positions on existentialism are concerned, he maintains them as they are in his letters and Persian poetry. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535230897\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib holds that, according to ancient religions of India, the life of the world consists of four <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>jugs <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(epochs). The first <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Jug<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Sat-Jug<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of seventy lakh and seventy thousand years and is the best; the second, the Tarita-Jug of twelve lakh ninety-six years is one in which virtue is merged with vice but the former dominates the latter. The third epoch is <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Dv\u0305apar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of eight lakh sixty-four thousand years during which vice overpowers virtue. According to another concept, God created in the beginning four elements and a fifth, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u0305Ak\u0305ash<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. It is called \u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Asm\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> by ordinary people while intellectuals do not agree with that and do not consider that \u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ak\u0305ash <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">was created from elements but from some other matter. One of this group consider <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u0305Asm\u0305an <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">as non-existing and regards what is visible as <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>faz\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, the stars as the bright spirits of the saints that after separating from the mass rose up and mingled with spiritual (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>n\u0305ur\u0305ani)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> bodies. Some of these do not descend from this state into the lower world. Yet others renounce their position and accept rebirth in the material world. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Brahma<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is the first creation, the epitome of attributes of Divine energy who brought the non-existent into existence and selected man from among them as their chief. The people were divided into four categories.The first, the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Brahman<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, is the custodian of religious affairs. The second is the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Chhatri<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> for military affairs and statecraft and the third, the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vaish<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> for commercial affairs of society. The fourth are the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Sh\u0305udr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a who are to keep the city clean. The same organizer, who was the lone governor of all, revealed the book, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Baid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and told the obedient that it was revealed from the sky. All accepted it with full humility and built on its foundations the faith and its status. Now, this same has become the religion (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mazhab<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and law (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>q\u0305an\u0305un<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Hun\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Concepts of the creation of man and the universe in the Muslim tradition based on the Qur\u2018an and Hadis are as follows:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><b>Creation of Adam: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">Again, Ghalib\u2019s account is more that of a poetic imagination than that of a scholar of Islam. According to him, when the angel <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Jibra\u2019\u0305\u0305il<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> was asked by God to bring a handful of earth for the creation of Adam, the earth raised an alarm against such an action on the plea that the rebellions of the fire-creatures had already caused terrible destruction on earth and now a new shape out of her own self was going to be created. It could lead to her disintegration. However, her plea was rejected and, on the day now called the tenth of<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> Muharram<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, Adam was created. Eve was created from Adam. All the angels were asked to prostrate to Adam and they, except <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Ahraman<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Ibl\u0305is<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">), did so. He was expelled from paradise and vowed to take revenge upon Adam. He succeeded in persuading Adam and Eve to commit a sin by eating wheat. Both were banished from paradise to earth but, to placate Adam the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Ka\u2018bah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> was brought down on earth.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Hlk535230972\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">Ghalib believed in various miracles (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>m\u0305u\u2018jiz\u0305at)<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> performed by the Messenger. Sending the messenger of God is, in fact, a form of the teaching of the reality of the secret. The Messenger of God is the final expression of the reality of the Essence (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>z\u0305at)<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> and he is the last of God\u2019s messengers. Ghalib refers (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Mehr-i N\u0305imro<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">z, pp.70-79) to two paths of the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (Islamic legal system) and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tar\u0305iqat<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (the Sufi way of life). The constitution of the Muslim nation (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>millat-i Ahmadi<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">) consists of one leaf\u200e\u2014on one side are written the secrets of Truth and on the other the commands of the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">. The <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> was assigned to the kings. In the arena of agnosticism music on the flute and the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> chang<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> is allowed and wine is permitted, while in the court of the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>shari\u2018ah,<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> \u2018Ainul-Quz\u0305at is consigned to carpet <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>(bori\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">) and Mans\u0305ur Hall\u0305aj is condemned to death. Ghalib is trying to justify the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> action as being in accordance with its concept of justice. The wise soldiers of the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> are performing their assigned roles, while the Sufis are struggling against the might of the whirlpool of agnosticism. Ghalib\u2019s balancing act between the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tar\u0305iqat<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> does not appear to represent his true sufistic approach which so powerfully and uncompromisingly runs all through his poetry. As pointed out above, his mystical interpretations could not find place in a treatise written for a king whom he considered the custodian of the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"western\"><\/h1>\n<h1 class=\"western\"><a name=\"_Toc20923272\"><\/a>Ghalib\u2019s Existentialism<\/h1>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0650 \u0634\u06c1\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062d\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>asl-i shuh\u0305ud-o- sh\u0305ahid-o-mashh\u0305ud aik hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>hair\u0305an h\u0305un phir mushahidah hai kis his\u0305ab men<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{The essence of the phenomenal world, the observer of the phenomenalworld and the observed are the same; I am intrigued how, then, should we account for the observation!}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">Very few of the popular mystical (mystical henceforth) concepts are available in Ghalib\u2019s poetry and letters. His total attachment to the concept of Existential Unity (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Vahdatal-Vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">) and his intention of taking up the Sufi path as expressed in his letters to Ghamg\u0305in Shah were written during his post-poetic life around 1839. Regarding external influences, he has mentioned some views of Ibn Arabi. Influences of Bedil are found all through his poetry. In fact, all high points of literature and fine arts exhibit intense mystical sensitivities that free creative expression from the bonds of intellectualism, observation and experience. For Ghalib, to be attracted towards mystic way of looking at life was not unexpected since<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> tasavvuf<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> has been the soul of all classical Persian and Urdu poetry. Second, in order to face the emotional anguish his life had gone through, only a philosophy of life like <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tasavvuf <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">could have helped. Third, it so happened that all the questions raised in mysticism were also the questions of Ghalib \u200e\u2014 Existence, God, the universe, the relationship between religion and the material world, reality and illusion, love, reason, the heart, prayer (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>\u2018ib\u0305adat<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">), obedience<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> (it\u0305a\u2018at<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">), reward and punishment, etc. Maikash Akbar\u0305ab\u0305adi has analysed some concepts of mysticism and the views in Ghalib.<\/span><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">1<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">Nothing exists except God (Brahma). This is the final truth of the world. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Tasavvuf<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Ved\u0305ant<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, Neo-Platonism, and some other schools of thought agree on this.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535311651\"><\/a> \u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">There are several interpretations of the reality of the material world. They include Shankar Ach\u0305ary\u0305a\u2019s concept of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>M\u0305ay\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> that treats the world as an illusion born of ignorance; the world is non-existent but due to ignorance appears to exists. On the other hand, Ibn Arabi believes in real existence of the world not as \u2018other-than-God\u2019 but as \u2018Truth-in-Itself\u2019 (\u2018<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ain Haq)<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">. In order to resolve difficulties in adapting the existing world to non-material sublime Reality, the Sufis have developed theories such as, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>a\u2018y\u0305an-i s\u0305abitah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">,<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> tanazzul\u0305at<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, etc. These concepts are also there, in their own way, in Plato and in Neo-Platonism. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535311844\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535311994\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>A\u2018y\u0305an-i S\u0305abitah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> is an abbreviation of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>\u2018al-a\u2018y\u0305an al-s\u0305abita fi al- \u2018ilm<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">. According to this theory, the realities of external existence were there in the Divine Knowledge as epistemological<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> (\u2019ilm\u0305i)<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> objects. Knowledge of a thing means that it has an existence in knowledge (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>\u2018ilm<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">). Thus, all existence has an epistemological existence. These <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>a\u2018y\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> are the reality of the external existences although they themselves do not exist externally. Maikash Akbar\u0305ab\u0305adi quotes Ibn Arabi: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>\u2018al-a\u2018y\u0305an m\u0305a shammat r\u0305a\u2019ihat al-vuj\u0305ud\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">. (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>A\u2018<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>y\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> have not even smelt existence.) At another place, Ibn Arabi says: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Haq<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (Truth, God) is <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>mahs\u0305us<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (the felt) while <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>khalq<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (the created world) is<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> ma\u2018q\u0305ul<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (rational, comprehensible)<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>.<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> Ghalib in a letter to Ghamgin says that he accepts both these positions. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Tanazzul\u0305at:<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">The Real Existence<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> (vuj\u0305ud-i haq\u0305iq\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">) is of various grades:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol type=\"i\">\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Ahdiyat, H\u0305ah\u0305ut<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, the world of oneness, unity<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>L\u0305ahut, \u2018Ilm-i Ijm\u0305ali<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, divine nature revealing itself<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Jabr\u0305ut, \u2018Ilm-iTafs\u0305il\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, the celestial world<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Malak\u0305ut<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, the world of spirits<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">\u2018\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Alam-i Mis\u0305al<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, the intermediary world of imagination<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>N\u0305asut<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, the material world<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">\u2018\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Alam-i Ajs\u0305am<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, the world of bodies<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">The <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Ishr\u0305aqi<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (Illusionistic wisdom) interpretation of Existential Unity has provided ample space for imaginative creativity. Ghalib has fully utilised it:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06c1\u0631 \u062c\u0632 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06c1 \u06cc\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>dahr juz jalvah-yi yakt\u0305a\u2019\u0305i-yi ma\u2018sh\u0305uq nah\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ham kah\u0305an hote agar husn nah hot\u0305a khudb\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{The world is nothing except the phenomenon of uniqueness of the beloved<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">we would not have existed had beauty not been self- observer.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0646\u0648\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ar\u0305a\u2019ish-i jam\u0305al se f\u0305arigh nah\u0305in han\u0305uz<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>paish-i nazar hai \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah d\u0305a\u2019im niq\u0305ab men<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{(God) is, still, engaged in self-beautification;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The mirror is always in front of Him behind the veil.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535313332\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535313490\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535313540\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535313614\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535313678\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">Another point of Ghalib\u2019s interest in Sufism deals with Allah and the Existent<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> (mauj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">). The Sufis, during the early period, used the phrase <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>l\u0305a il\u0305ahah illallah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, to explain these phrases.<\/span><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">2<\/span><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> In the beginning, the Sufis, in order to express themselves, used the phrase <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>\u2018l\u0305a il\u0305aha illallah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">\u2019. During the second century of Hijrah, this phrase was modified to, \u2018Except Him, there is no God (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ma<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">\u2018<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>b\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">), no sought-after (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>maqs\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">) and no existent (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>mauj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">)\u2019. Later, the words, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ma\u2018b\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i><u>maqs\u0305ud<\/u><\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> were dispensed with and \u2018<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>l\u0305a il\u0305aha illallah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">\u2019 came to be interpreted as, \u2018<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>l\u0305a mauj\u0305ud illallah\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, that is, nothing exists except Allah. And this was described as <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Tauh\u0305id<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (oneness of God). However, some characterisations by certain other Sufis offer a different meaning. Sh\u0305ah \u2018Abdul\u2018az\u0305iz believes that<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Vahd\u0305an\u0305iyat<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (state of being one), has two meanings: for the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> committed to literal interpretations, God is only one and no one else. The Sufis interpret it as the Existing One is the only one, and no other exists. Ibn Arabi believes that the Real Existent (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Vuj\u0305ud-i Haq\u0305iq\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">) is only one and all other existents appear existing, apparently, as another existent but internally they are a reflection (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>num\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">) of Real Existence <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">(Ibn Arabi<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>, Fus\u0305usul-Hikam<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">). According to the Transcendentalists (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Var\u0305a\u2019\u0305iyyah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">), the Existence that is common to all existents and from which all existents derive their subsistence form a higher Existence, that is God, which is not within the universe but beyond it.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Vahdatal-Vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (Existential Unity): <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Vuj\u0305ud <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">is a single existent which, when it acquired material forms, came to be known as the World of Existents. And, therefore, there is essentially no distinction between God and His creations. Whatever differences there are they are due to their forms and functions. The Unitarians (believers in Existential Unity) include Sufis such as Zunn\u0305un Misri (d. 856), B\u0305ayaz\u0305id Bist\u0305ami (d. 875), Junaid Baghd\u0305adi (d. 910), Husain bin Mans\u0305ur al-Hall\u0305aj (d. 921), Jal\u0305aludd\u0305in R\u0305umi (d. 1237), \u2018Abdurrahm\u0305an J\u0305ami (d. 1793) and Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah (d. 1762). Rejecting the Unitarian theory, Mujaddid Alf S\u0305an\u0305i, Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi (d.1598) offered his theory of Unity of Phenomena (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Vahdatash-Shuh\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">) and argues that the Unitarian\u2019s observation of Unity of Being is, in fact, born of their state of intoxication (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>sukr<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">); otherwise the existence of the material world is real. It is like the non-visibility of stars in sunlight which does not mean that the stars do not exist. If the observer\u2019s eyes are rendered keener with the light of the sun, he would be able to see the stars besides the sun. This is Existential Unity (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Vahdatash-Shuh\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">Equipped with this preliminary knowledge of some Sufi theories of Existence, let us have a look at Ghalib\u2019s mystic inclinations. We do find mention of certain known themes and concepts of mysticism in his letters, but that does not lead to the conclusion that he followed any specific theory in toto. Along with his emotional attachment to Unitarianism, traces of \u2018phenomenal unity\u2019 are also found. What is illusionary\u200e\u2014 being or non-being, what is the means of liberation\u2014intellect or intuition, is God Just or Merciful, does God reside in places of worship or everywhere, is the relationship between man and God that between master and slave or that between the witness and the object? These are some of the questions the answers to which Ghalib did not find in the current Sufi schools. In fact, he drew on some of those concepts from the traditions of the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> shar\u0305i\u2018a<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>h<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (Islamic law) and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tar\u0305iqat (Sufism),<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> not because he was a follower of those concepts but because he found them in harmony with some of his own concepts and suppositions.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">He is an explorer of \u201cmeaning\u201d wherever they were available. He is unattached to any religious or philosophical tradition. To give expression to his feelings and thought, he used, from amongst various intellectual traditions, words, images, symbols and concepts he found closer to his own thinking in a way that when he used them in his poetry, their external and internal meanings and the scenarios of the present and the future did not remain as they were at that particular time and became something quite different. And if he did not find words of his choice, he reshaped words from Persian and Arabic as his own symbols and metaphors. For instance, while he used traditional words, symbols and metaphors, he used some of them to convey totally different meanings, like <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tamann\u0305a, and\u0305ishah, \u0305arz\u0305u, pind\u0305ar, \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah, kufr, <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">and<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>vaf\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> to convey different meanings. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">In his letters there are not many references to mystic concepts, most probably because there were few among his addressees familiar with matters mystic like various stages of the Sufi path in which he was interested. However, he has exchanged views with Ghamg\u0305in on some complex problems of Sufi thought which will be discussed later. Here we shall focus on his approaches to Sufism in the informal mode of letters.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535314000\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535314085\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535314146\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">His passion for discovering the reality of realities and then facing them is reflected in some letters (to M\u0305ir Mahdi Majr\u0305uh, \u2018Al\u0305a\u2019udd\u0305in Ahmad Kh\u0305an, Chaudhri \u2018Abdulghaf\u0305ur,) where he pleads that he is a simple Sufi engaged with pantheistic states, \u2018far above Islam and non-Islam and light and fire\u2019. However, the Sufi Ghalib reveals himself in a letter addressed to Mirz\u0305a Hargop\u0305al Taftah.<\/span><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">1<\/span><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> \u201cYou are engaged with poetry and I am engulfed in (self) annihilation<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> (fan\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">). I consider the scholarship of Ibn S\u0305ina and the poetry of Naz\u0305ir\u0305i as futile. Life requires just a little comfort whereas the rest, like wisdom, empire and poetry are rubbish. What if someone becomes an incarnation and one of these becomes messenger among the Muslims! How does it matter if one attains fame or lives or remains unknown? What is needed is some financial support and good health; the rest is mere illusion; however, I want to get over the problems of health and financial distress to pass through my state of detachment<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> (be-rang\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">). I am in a realm that is neither this nor the other world. All is illusion. This is not a river, it is illusion (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>sar\u0305ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">); not any real existence, it is only a conceit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> (pind\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">).\u201d The intensity of mental and spiritual suffering related to the absurdity of the notions of existence and non-existence through which he was passing during the last phase of his life as reflected in this letter is far more eloquent than what is to be found in his Urdu and Persian poetry.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535314215\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">There is a general opinion that Ghalib has used <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tasavvuf<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> merely as a source of inspiration for poetic themes<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> (maz\u0305am\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, singular <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>mazm\u0305un<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">) and that it is not in harmony with his temperament. As we have seen, mystic themes have been a powerful presence in the traditions of all Persian and Urdu poetry. Ghalib\u2019s poetry and letters contain several indications of his deep involvement in mystical themes. However, this opinion does not appear to be plausible in view of the painful experiences he endured and of his layered reactions to them as narrated in his poetry and letters. Instead, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tasavvuf<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> emerges as a shining revolving chandelier reflecting different aspects of Ghalib\u2019s creative persona one after another or all at one time and then disappearing. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535314277\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535314377\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">In letters, on the other hand, his attachment to <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tasavvuf<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> is at another level. During the last phase of his life, passing through various layers of mystic thought appears to have transformed into an intense desire and a passion for attaining some higher stages on the path of a Sufi traveller<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> (s\u0305alik<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">). This phase of Ghalib\u2019s personality persuaded Maikash Akbar\u0305ab\u0305adi to remark that, \u201cbesides his mystical beliefs, he was, also, a practising Sufi.\u201d <\/span><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">3<\/span><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> Certainly, there are long shadows of mystic concepts like, Existence, Existents, Annihilation, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Mak\u0305an, L\u0305a-Mak\u0305an,<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> Time and Timelessness. Ghalib has used these concepts, not merely as poetic themes but, as a means for discovering meanings in his materialistic and spiritual experiences. He used the concepts and interpretations in harmony with his sense of self and life as a means of poetic expression but in a way that those concepts and interpretations coming out of the mysterious universe of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tasavvuf<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> became a part of Ghalib\u2019s \u2018poetic life\u2019. That is why, whenever and wherever such impressions emerge in his poetry the readers, while having a feel of Ghalib, do not feel it necessary to dwell on the mystic symbolism in these impressions. For instance,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u2018 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0688\u0628\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u06be \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u0646\u06d2\u2018 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah th\u0305a kuchh to Khud\u0305a th\u0305a, kuchh nah hot\u0305a to Khud\u0305a hot\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>duboy\u0305a mujh ko hone ne, nah hot\u0305a main to ky\u0305a hot\u0305a!<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{When there was nothing, (only) God existed, had there been<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nothing, God would have been; my being ruined me, had<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk529890192\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I been non-being, what would I have been!}<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0646\u0648\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ar\u0305a\u2019ish-i jam\u0305al se f\u0305arigh nah\u0305in han\u0305uz<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>paish-i nazar hai \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah d\u0305a\u2019im niq\u0305ab men<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{(God) is, still, engaged in self-beautification; God always keeps <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the mirror before Him behind the veil.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06c1\u06c1 \u0633\u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06c1 \u06af\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0686\u06be\u0648\u0691\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0679\u06be\u0627\u06d2 \u0646\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kah sake kaon kih yeh jalvah-gar\u0305i kis k\u0305i hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>pardah chhor\u0305a hai voh us ne kih uth\u0305ay nah bane<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{No one can tell whose \u2018manifestation\u2019 this is; it is not possible to raise the<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">curtain put down by Him.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062d\u0642 \u0631\u0627 \u0632\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0646\u0648\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0633\u062a <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haq r\u0305a ze khalq j\u0305u kih nau-\u0305amoz-i d\u0305id r\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>a\u2018\u0305inah-khanah maktab-i tauhid b\u0305udah ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Search for the Truth through the Created world since for the new seeker of the sight of God this world is a school for learning the Unity of God.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">These couplets contain both physical and metaphysical dimensions and impact at two different levels\u2014intellectual as well as sensual. The sensual transmission is immediate. This transmission does not require any mystic interpretation of Existential Unity or Cognizant Unity. Most probably, Ghalib might not have written these couplets for the sake of interpretation of such concepts. On the other hand, it appears more plausible that he used them to express his social, sentimental, and intellectual experiences in philosophical and metaphysical metaphors. In any case, it is rather difficult to analyse Ghalib\u2019s religiosity or spirituality through present-day terminology and conceptual frameworks. That is, much can be said on both sides. Therefore, to have access to Ghalib, there is no other device available for us except the Sufi diction, terms, concepts and ways of expression notwithstanding his comment that he had used a bit of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tasavvuf<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and some astrology merely for the purpose of decorating of his poetic themes<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> (maz\u0305am\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">): <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645\u0686\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0641\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u06a9\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u06c1\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u06a9\u062a\u06c1 \u06af\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hamch\u0305u man sh\u0305a\u2018ir-o-S\u0305ufi-o-nuj\u0305umi-o-hak\u0305im<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>n\u0305ist dar dahr qalam-mudda\u2018\u0305\u0305i-o-nuktah-go ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{There is no poet, Sufi, astrologer and philosopher in the world like me who could claim to be (both) a man of pen and wisdom.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535314815\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535315238\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib appears to belong to the Sufi school of thought that takes man as the centre of the universe, and directly in contact with the Creator. In such a context, all other realities\u200e\u2014except man and God\u2014do not remain the same but become something else; non-existing, illusory or imaginary. Mystical thought is a major factor in the shaping of Ghalib\u2019s intellectual bent which means a conceptual enquiry seeking gnosis of the relationship between man and the Absolute Realty\u200e\u2014without any intervention of other agents. It can be described as strong desire (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, \u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>arz\u0305u<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Gnosis (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018irf\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) is a medium other than knowledge (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ilm<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). While knowledge is a product of the human senses and depends for its validity on rational and discursive support, gnostic results are free from any rational scrutiny, school of thought or religious system. Still, they are not totally free. The central, basic theme of every system of thought, under the compulsion of its materialization in human life, becomes something different from its original nature during the process of adopting various identities, limitations and restrictions\u2014for instance, transformation of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305in <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">into <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Likewise, Gnosticism has also acquired forms of several orders, schools of thought and customs. During the last twelve centuries Sufi Gnosticism has been divided into several Sufi references and, likewise, various references have emerged between allegory<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> (maj\u0305az<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and reality (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haq\u0305iqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). In the process, the gnosis<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> (ma\u2018rifah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) has disappeared somewhere.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535315431\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535315530\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535315592\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib is a poet of meanings with a natural affinity for mystic thought. Another factor to be kept in mind is that mystic thought, due to various historical and cultural reasons, has become an integral part of Urdu and Persian literary tradition and poetic culture. Third, for a poet attached to the 19<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> century intellectualism and epistemology, there was, in his cultural heritage, only <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tasavvuf<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> that offered a vast treasure of thought, covering both the physical and metaphysical realms. The mystic questions from which the mystic system of thought is derived, also happen to be the fundamental problems of philosophy like Absolute Truth, Essence and Attributes, the essence of Things, Creation, factors underlying Creation, Time and Space, Existence and non-existence, knowledge, means of knowledge, Virtue, Truth, Beauty, etc. The treasure is unique and, except Vedanta, no other mystic system is as comprehensive as Islamic mysticism. There is a vast amount of writing, published and unpublished in Persian and Urdu which serves as a common source-material for both philosophy and Sufism. There is, also, a common space accommodating both Knowledge (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ilm<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) of the distinguished philosophers, like, Ibn Sina along with the Gnosticism (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018Irfan<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) of the great Sufis such as Ibn Arabi. Complete freedom is available for a gnostic or a seeker of truth (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>muhaqqiq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) to go anywhere in the universe of Knowledge (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ilm<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and Gnosticism (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018irf\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), covering areas from pure prudence<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> (ta\u2018aqqul<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) to even illusion (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tavahhum).<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> He is free to engage with any one\u2014a believer (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>momin<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> or a non-believer (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u0305afir)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, an atheist<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> (mulhid)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> or a sceptic<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> (mushakkik)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and either accept them, ignore them, or reject them.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Within such a world are found various distinguished seekers of the Truth like the saints of Ved\u0305anta, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bhakta<\/i><\/span> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">such as Sant Kabir (15<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> century), Mira Bai (1498-1546) and Guru Nanak (Nov 29, 1469-Sept 22, 1539); Muslim Sufis like Mans\u0305ur Hall\u0305aj (858-March 3, 922), Ibn Arabi (July 26, 1165-Nov.16, 1240), Khv\u0305ajah Mu\u2018inudd\u0305in Chisht\u0305I (1142-1236), Niz\u0305amuddin Aulia (late 13<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> century and early 14<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> century), Al-Ghazali (1058-Dec. 19, 1111), Rumi (Sept. 30, 1207-Dec. 17, 1273), Bedil (1642-1720), Ghalib, etc. In their visions of the Ultimate, they were different from each other but they all had one thing common\u2014&#8221;poetic afflatus<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u201d (she\u2018r\u0305I Ilh\u0305am), <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Mansoor Hallaj\u2019s<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> an-al-Haq, <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Sarmad\u2019s (d. 1661) paradigm of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l`\u0305a (<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">non-existence)\u2014all are poetic afflatus. This paradigm is somewhere beyond distinctions of religious faith<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> (d\u0305in)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, religious law<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> (shari\u2018ah)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the Sufi path <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>(tar\u0305iqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Ghalib belongs to this liberated world. His liberation from all philosophical systems has provided him with a vast space for identifying meaningful accommodation among varied and mutually conflicting schools of thought. That is why access to Ghalib is not possible through prevalent diction, traditional symbols, metaphors, or terms.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535315689\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He does not come across as either a believer<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> (momin)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, believer in one God<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> (muvahhid)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Sufi, philosopher or a non-believer<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>(kafir<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), or a believer in any creed<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> (millat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) or customs (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) related to a religion. To have access to Ghalib, new words, symbols, metaphors and terminology are required borrowed from Ghalib himself. More helpful would be to treat his domain as a sort of hospice (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kh\u0305anq\u0305ah)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> where man enters for introspection and self-purification and not for presenting himself before God, as it is done in a mosque. There is no spiritual teacher (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shaikh)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> or <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>murshid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, there. One would find there only one engrossed in his mystic states sharing with others his experiences of the differences between the existent (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mauj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and the non-existent (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a-mauj\u0305ud).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib appears to have good knowledge of Sufism. Under the influence of Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fazl-i Haq Khair\u0305ab\u0305ad\u0305i and Hazrat Ghamg\u0305in Sh\u0305ah of Agra, he got attracted to the power and tradition of the concept of Existential Unity (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vahdatal-Vuj\u0305ud)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in Persian and Urdu poetry. This came to be the axis of his sentimental and intellectual pursuits. Probably, he was more benefited by Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah\u2019s writings.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He did not write any treatise in prose on mysticism or Existential Unity nor in his letters. Wherever he mentioned it, it is very brief. At one place, he justifies the Messenger of Islam <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Rahmatalil- \u2018\u0305Alam\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and by doing so, he assures himself that his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> may be forgiven.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">However, this much can be said with considerable certainty that the concept of Existential Unity provides access to Ghalib\u2019s tablet of meaning on which he has recorded his intellectual concerns.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0644 \u06c1\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u2018 \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0686\u06be\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dil-i har qatrah hai s\u0305az-i an-al-bahr<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ham us ke hain, ham\u0305ar\u0305a p\u0305uchh\u0305na ky\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The heart of every drop is a (musical) instrument of \u2018I am the sea\u201d; we belong to Him; our stature is most high.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0630\u0631\u06c1 \u0628\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hai tajall\u0305i ter\u0305i s\u0305am\u0305an-i vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>zarrah be partav-i khursh\u0305id nahi\u0305n<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Your (God\u2019s) \u2018illumination\u2019 is the cause of all existence, the particle (of dust) is not without reflection of the sun.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u06be \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u06c1\u0645 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u2018 \u067e\u06cc\u0686 \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>utn\u0305a hi mujh ko apni haqiqat se bu\u2018d hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>jitn\u0305a kih vahm-i ghair se h\u0305un paich-o-t\u0305ab men<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>{<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I am far away from my own essence, as I am struggling with the illusion of \u2018the other\u2019.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u06c1\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062d\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>asI-i shuh\u0305ud v sh\u0305ahid o mashh\u0305ud aik hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hair\u0305an h\u0305un phir mush\u0305ahadah hai kis hi\u0305sab men<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The essence of the process of phenomenon, the observer of the phenomenon and the phenomenon is the same. I am, therefore, bewildered as to how to account for the act of \u2018observation\u2019.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0646\u0648\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ar\u0305a\u2019ish-i jam\u0305al se f\u0305arigh nah\u0305i\u0305n han\u0305uz<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>paish-i nazar hai \u0305a\u2019\u0305\u0305inah d\u0305a\u2019im niq\u0305ab men <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{(God) is still engaged in beautifying Himself; a mirror is always before Him under the mask.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06c1\u0631 \u062c\u0632 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06c1 \u06cc\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dahr juz jalvah-yi <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> yakt\u0305ai-yi <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ma\u2018sh\u0305uq nah\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ham kah\u0305an hote agar husn nah hot\u0305a khudb\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{The world is nothing except the phenomenon of unique-ness of the beloved; we would not have existed had beauty not been self- observant.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0621 \u0631\u0627\u0632\u0633\u062a\u2018 \u0686\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u2018 \u0686\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u2018 \u0628\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u06c1 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>alam \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah-yi r\u0305az ast, cheh pinh\u0305an, cheh nih\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305ab-i andishah nah d\u0305ar\u0305i, bah nig\u0305ahe dary\u0305ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The world is a reflection of a secret\u2014visible and invisible,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">if you cannot afford to think, access it through observation.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0631\u062f \u067e\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u06c1 \u06af\u0630\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gard-i pind\u0305ar-i vuj\u0305ud az rahguzar khv\u0305ahad nashist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bahr-i tauh\u0305id-i \u2018iy\u0305ani maujzan khv\u0305ahad shudan <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535316572\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The dust of conceit in existence would settle down on the road; and the sea of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018iy\u0305ani Tauh\u0305id<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> would start surging.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Let us attempt an analysis of the above positions of Ghalib. Ghalib replaces, \u201cthere is no God\u201d (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a il\u0305ahah)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of his Existential Unity by \u201cnothing exists except Allah <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>(l\u0305a mauj\u0305ud ill\u0305a Allah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), and thus places, \u2018there is no God\u2019 side by side, \u2018<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a mauj\u0305ud ill\u0305a Allah\u2019<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. That is, he replaces God<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> (Ilah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) with existent (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mauj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), indicating that he is intellectually more concerned with the Existent <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mauj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) than God (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ilah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.) What does this change mean? Let us see. Allah is common to both the phrases. God says that there is no God except God while Ghalib says that nothing exists except God. Therefore, Ghalib\u2019s centre of attention is not Allah; it is the Existent (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mauj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Ghalib is more involved in whatever exists besides Allah. From amongst the philosophical\/mystical concepts like God (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ilah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), God (Allah), Existence, conformity and non-conformity, he selects that concept according to which nothing exists except Allah. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It is said that when Sarmad was asked why he was stuck with <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a ilah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in the phrase, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018l\u0305a il\u0305ahah il al-Allah\u2019<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, he replied that he was still involved with the paradigm of negation, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Ghalib, on the other hand, is not stuck with the state of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (negation) nor <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>is l\u0305a Ilah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> his problem. His problem is to know the reality of what appears besides these two. He is stuck with the state of non-existence of reality. If we go deeper it would appear that, other than Allah, the cause of his involvement with the absence of reality is his intense longing for his own identity. How could this be possible without having an idea of the authenticity of the existence of things? It so happened that when he took the road to discovering the Absolute, that is, Existence, he found that, \u201cnothing has existence except Allah\u201d. A philosopher might have accepted it and would have gone back. However, Ghalib, while accepting this \u2018illumination\u2019, also starts thinking whether one who has been given this \u2018illumination\u2019, exists or does not exist. If \u2018illumination\u2019 has been awarded, then there must be a receiver who has received it. In the 17<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> century, Descartes doubted existence and it led him to the belief in his own existence. He said \u2018I doubt, therefore, I am.\u2019 Ghalib did not say this; he was liberated from his existential crisis since he was a poet and not a philosopher. His being a poet forced him to get out of the traditional concept of Existential Unity.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535316824\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On Ghalib\u2019s religious faith, Alt\u0305af Husain H\u0305ali comments that he was a staunch believer in Islam and held that Unitarianism was the essential principle of Islam. Thus, Unitarianism became an essential element of his poetry. Besides Bedil and another eminent Sufi, the Persian poet Naz\u0305ir\u0305i (1614), no other poet has treated this theme so extensively.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Out of all beliefs and religious concepts, he picked up two things\u200e\u2014Unitarianism and love of the Messenger and his family\u2014 for his liberation.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Maikash Akbarb\u0305adi believes that Ghalib\u2019s close friend, the Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fazl-i Haq Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi had been a great influence in Ghalib\u2019s attachment to Unitarianism. The Maul\u0305an\u0305a believed in Unitarianism and had also written a treatise on this subject, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Faizul Mauj\u0305ud fi Isb\u0305at-i Vahdatal Vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">8<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Maikash believes that all these concepts could have influenced him only academically, that is, as H\u0305ali had pointed out, Ghalib was not a Sufi by temperament (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ahl-i h\u0305al<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). There is a state of pure mystic Unitarianism, gnosis (\u2018<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>irf\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and the felt-gnosis (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>h\u0305al<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) in which none is present except Allah, and whatever appears to exist is a mere illusion. The other state is Ghalib\u2019s worldly affairs. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535316987\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535317227\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Now, if mysticism for Ghalib is only a theme of poetic expression, how then to account for his multi-level intellectual structures based on these concepts? If every existence is an illusion except Allah then the universe, the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ka\u2018bah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, the Messenger, and the reward and punishment that serve as the main axis of his thought-system, also have no existence. Shall we consider them simply a product of his rich imagination? There must be some more explanations. And there are. Ghalib had very intimate mystical relations with a known Sufi, Hazrat Ghamg\u0305in of Agra (1753-1851). In their correspondence they had exchanged views on Unitarianism. In one of his letters, Ghalib refers to a saying by Ibn Arabi which had attracted his attention. Ibn Arabi says that the Truth is something \u2018felt\u2019 while the created world is intelligible (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>al-Haq mahs\u0305us v al-khalq ma\u2018q\u0305ul<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). That is, the created world does not exist except in our mind as speculation and whatever is \u2018felt\u2019 is nothing other than Truth (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). He says, \u201cThis is also my belief while the rest is illusion. All that is in the world, messengership, sainthood, the Day of judgment and resurrection, reward and punishment, are all true and I believe in them.\u201d<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 9<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> In other words, the existence of the Creation is in the realm of senses called rational existence (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>aql\u0305i vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) while absolute reality is only \u2018the felt\u2019. There is Truth only in \u2018the Felt\u2019 and all else is imaginary (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vahm<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) Ghalib says:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0642\u0637\u0631\u06c1 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0646\u06a9 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>qatrah apn\u0305a bhi haqiqat men hai dary\u0305a lekin<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ham ko taql\u0305id-i tunak-zarfi-yi Mans\u0305ur nah\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{My drop, in fact, is also a river, but we do not like to follow Mans\u0305ur\u2019s lack of magnanimity, that is, when he claimed that he is the Truth}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He clarifies that his purpose is to explain his belief so that it is known that as a believer in non-existence of anything except Allah, he is not in denial of anything and accepts them within a (special) state of feeling (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaif\u0305iyyat) <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2014 non-belief as well as Islam, substance\/ <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ain<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> as well as the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghair<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (the other, non-substance). This is not exactly a concept that we conceive but that which belongs to this \u2018special state of mind\u2019. It may be described as \u2018sea and wave or sun and sunlight\u2019.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">10<\/span><\/sup> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535317611\"><\/a> \u201c<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I know this much that existence is one and can never be divided. If I believe in both the world and the faith (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), it would amount to the sin of \u2018association in existence (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shirk fi\u2019l-vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2019) which is the worst kind of \u2018association\u2019. For me, \u2018faith\u2019 like the \u2018world\u2019 is also an illusion and one should not attach oneself to illusion.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">11<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> This view could be taken as Ghalib\u2019s unbelief, but it would not be correct to do so for one who describes himself as absolute believer in one-ness of God (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>muvahhid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Let us revert to the contradiction between Ghalib\u2019s physical and metaphysical realms. If we keep in mind his use of \u2018the felt\u2019 (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mahs\u0305us<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and intelligible<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b> (<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ma\u2018q\u0305ul<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) for the faith and the world, the contradiction is removed and Ghalib appears to occupy a position from where he is examining the realms of unity and plurality of the Absolute Truth and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>a\u2019y\u0305an-i s\u0305abitah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (the eternal essences of things which together form the world of ideas), on the one hand and, on the other hand, monitor debates on man, universe, the faith, the world, reward and punishment, paradise and hell, etc. and this too with an absolutely pure, untainted and free mind. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If this analysis has any credibility, then Ghalib is offering a unique, thought-provoking concept much beyond Existential Unity and Cognizant Unity. According to this, the illusionary (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mauh\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) has also its own existence along with the Absolute Reality. This material world may not be \u2018the felt\u2019 but it is intelligible and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>is<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> there; and if it <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>is<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, then this illusion is, also, a \u201creal illusion\u201d! Ghalib in this \u2018illusionary real\u2019 or, in the words of Ibn Arabi, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khalq-i ma\u2018q\u0305ul<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, is leading a life of an ordinary man. In this existence, all material realities are there as \u2018concepts in a special state\u2019, like a wave that, within a concept having \u2018a special state\u2019, considers itself existing separate from the sea. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Now, the position is that in terms of active intellect, Ghalib is suffering in the material world, fighting for his pension, flirting with a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>domini<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, interpreting Islamic beliefs and, amidst this, he elevates himself from this illusionary level to a higher level of converting experiences of his relationship with an indivisible real existence into his poetry. However, while harmonizing reality with illusion he came to face another problem. The rational world also includes the instrument (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>malikah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) of Reason which he calls <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>and\u0305ishah <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(deliberation, reflection). The Reflection, amidst the harmony between absolute reality, and illusionary reality created a powerful element of disharmony as well. Taking a position independent of every physical and metaphysical paradigm, no question arises of Ghalib fixing frontiers for his beliefs nor of reining in his thinking process\/reflection. He has set both of them totally free\u2026 Nor is he apologetic for reflection confronting belief. His being capable of reflection saves Ghalib from falling prey to the illusory concept of Existential Unity. It has also helped prove the existence of an external Observer (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sh\u0305ahid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Ghalib accepts this outcome. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06c1\u0631 \u062c\u0632 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06c1 \u06cc\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dahr juz jalvah-yi yakt\u0305a\u2019\u0305i-yi ma\u2018sh\u0305uq nah\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ham kah\u0305an hote agar husn nah hot\u0305a khudb\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{The world is nothing except the phenomenon of the uniqueness of the beloved; we would not have existed had beauty not been self- observant.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">However, Ghalib finds himself not fully comfortable with certain implications of Existential Unity and raises a question:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u06c1\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062d\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>asl-i shuh\u0305ud o sh\u0305ahid o mashh\u0305ud aik hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hair\u0305an h\u0305un phir mush\u0305ahadah hai kis his\u0305ab men<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The essence of the process of phenomenon, the observer of the phenomenon and the phenomenon is the same; I am, therefore, bewildered as to how to account for the act of observation.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Continuing with his intellectual curiosity, Ghalib identifies <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>andishah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (reflection) as an effective tool for discovering reality, even if it is limited to the realm of \u2018the felt\u2019 (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mahs\u0305us).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c2 \u0631\u0627\u0632\u0633\u062a\u2018 \u0686\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u2018 \u0686\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u2018 \u0628\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>alam \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah-yi r\u0305az ast cheh paid\u0305a cheh nih\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305ab-i and\u0305ishah nah d\u0305ari, bah nig\u0305ahe dary\u0305ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The world is a mirror of secrets whether visible or hidden. If you cannot afford to be reflective, access it by merely taking a look at it.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As mentioned above, Ghalib looks at <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>duny\u0305a <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(the world) and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (faith) from a point external to him; sometimes he does not hesitate from going beyond it:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u06be\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0634\u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u067e\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>manzar ek buland\u0305i par aur ham ban\u0305a sakte<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>arsh se udhar hot\u0305a k\u0305ashke mak\u0305an apn\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{We could build another spectacle on a higher plane,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wish we had a home on the other side of the Throne of God!}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Looking at faith and the world from outside, one is released from the bonds of Time. Such an attitude would be above all time-created pollutions, attributes, customs, and traditions. This is the attitude of Ghalib regarding issues related to religion which shocks and provokes those holding traditional and popular approaches and fascinates or provokes thinking. Looked at from such an external platform along with Ghalib, the physical and the metaphysical worlds would appear quite different and Ghalib\u2019s intellectual concerns regarding Existential Unity and other related issues would, to a large extent, become comprehensible. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">While discussing interpretations of certain issues like, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (unbelief) and Islam, the status of the human ego, reward and punishment, we should not forget that we are talking to poet and not philosopher Ghalib who, in fact, does not exist. Investigating intellectual content in poetry is an indispensable part of evaluation of poetry. If we look for social, religious or politico-religious themes in, for instance, other Urdu classical poets like Saud\u0305a (1713-1781), M\u0305ir (1723-1810), Naz\u0305ir Akbar\u0305ab\u0305adi (1735-1830) or Iqb\u0305al (1877-1938), it does not mean that we want to reduce him from the versatile position of a poet to that of a social reformer or of a politician. If a high-level concept flows into a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>she\u2018r<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (couplet), it is a process of transformation of a beautiful creation into an aesthetic value.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u0631\u06c1\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0645 \u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u06d2 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u063a\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u06c1\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>go main rah\u0305a rah\u0305in-i sitamh\u0305a-yi rozg\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>lekin tere khay\u0305al se gh\u0305afil nah\u0305in rah\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Although I always remained the target of social oppression; I was never unmindful of your thought.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This couplet represents both aesthetic creation and aesthetic value.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u06a9\u06cc\u06ba \u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631 \u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u063a\u0641\u0644\u062a \u06c1\u06d2\u2018 \u0686\u06c1 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0686\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305af-i tamk\u0305in ghalat v naf\u2018-i \u2018ib\u0305\u0305adat ma\u2018l\u0305um<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>durd-i yak s\u0305aghar-i ghaflat hai, che duny\u0305a v che d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Claims of arrogance are wrong and there is no outcome of prayers;the world and the faith both are just imaginary.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Meaning, that is the intellectual content of poetry, is a part of the constituting elements of aesthetic value, but not philosophy or logic. The couplet cited above does not have any philosophical or any sentimental references. To derive any concept could be the function of some theological or philosophical system but it has no role to play in the spheres of fine arts and creative literature. Presence of aesthetic values greatly increases their longevity. However, general acceptance of an artist does not depend on the presence of aesthetic values only; there may be some other factors for it as well. In Ghalib, the demand for aesthetic value-creation is very intense. Among other Urdu poets, aesthetic values may be found along with aesthetics, but the demand for value-creation is comparatively much less. Other than Ghalib, the same intensity is found in Iqbal but of a different kind. The theme of creation of aesthetic values has been mentioned here since Ghalib has presented his intellectual concerns as aesthetic values; this was not a conscious act; in Ghalib, intellect is a part of the aesthetic. Let us try to have an idea of these aesthetic values.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u06a9\u0641\u0631<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>\/ Kufr\/ Unbelief:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0641\u0631 \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f \u062c\u0632 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u067e\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u0634\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u2018 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0648 \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr-o-d\u0305in ch\u0305ist, juz \u0305al\u0305a\u2019\u0305ish-i pind\u0305ar-i vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>p\u0305ak shau p\u0305ak, kih ham kufr-i t\u0305u d\u0305in-i t\u0305u shaved<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{What is unbelief or religion except a pollution of pride of Existence?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Purify yourself in a way that unbelief becomes your faith.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The phrase <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u0305al\u0305a\u2019\u0305ish-i pind\u0305ar-i vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is unique and contains the entire world of meanings, especially when purification of Existence leads to transformation of unbelief into belief. This phrase has been used in another couplet:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0631\u062f \u067e\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u06c1 \u06af\u0630\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gard-i pind\u0305ar-i vuj\u0305ud az rahguzar khv\u0305ahad nashist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bahr-i tauh\u0305id-i \u2018iy\u0305ani maujzan khv\u0305ahad shu<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dan<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The appearance of the deceptive dust of pride of Existence would disappear and only One Being would be everywhere.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib argues that both believers and non-believers are polluted by pride in Existence. In fact, to differentiate between unbelief and belief and between faith and the world amounts to the division of Existence which is no less than the sin of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shirk<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (association of another thing with God). That is, to believe in Existence as God is a fundamental aesthetic value. The prevalence of the concept of Existential Unity in the poetry of Ghalib or in Persian and Urdu poetry is due to this same inclination for aesthetic value-creation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535319259\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Several terms of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tasavvuf<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and Islamic jurisprudence are found in Ghalib\u2019s poetry with enough space for their non-terminological understanding as well, such as punishments mentioned in the Qur\u2018an), and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>saz\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (punishments) for other acts, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018uq\u0305ub\u0305at, mak\u0305an, lat\u0305afat, kas\u0305afat, shuh\u0305ud, sh\u0305ahid, mashh\u0305ud, mush\u0305ahadah, asl, fr\u0305u\u2018, tamann\u0305a, \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah, zang\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, etc. He has used the term, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, not as in Islamic jurisprudence but in the mystic sense. H\u0305ali has also drawn attention to this element.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">12<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Mujaddid Alf S\u0305an\u0305i has explained it in one of his letters.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">13<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Referring to B\u0305a Yaz\u0305id Bist\u0305ami\u2019s exclamation, \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>subh\u0305an\u0305i m\u0305a a\u2018zam sh\u0305an\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d and of Mans\u0305ur al- Hall\u0305aj\u2019s phrase, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>an al-Haq, <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">he says that in a state forgetfulness (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>h\u0305al<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) they did not perceive their existence or that of the creation; they saw only God. Had they seen their own essence and uttered these words then it would have amounted to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (unbelief). When one reaches the stage of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haqqul yaq\u0305\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (real certitude) from the stage of \u2018<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ainul yaq\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (inner essence of certitude), the opposition of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> does not sustain and their <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ilm<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (epistemology) becomes the epistemology of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> itself.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">14 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In another letter he says that for some Existential Unity is due to the excessive practice of contemplation and they understand the meaning of the phrase, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a il\u0305ahah illallah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, in the sense of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a mauj\u0305ud illallah.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Since this state of unity of God (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tauh\u0305id<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) is made by the Sufis themselves and given the predominance of love of the beloved (God) they do not see anyone else existing. This<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> tauh\u0305id<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is free from the imaginary and the illusory. Such people should be excused; to abuse them is uncalled for.\u201d <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">15<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Mujaddid Alf S\u0305an\u0305i comments that <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Islam-i maj\u0305azi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (figurative Islam) is better than <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr-i maj\u0305azi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Islam-i tariqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is better than<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> kufr-i tariqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (heresy of Sufis). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Kufr-i tar\u0305iqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is all deception while <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Islam-i tariqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is all sensible (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sahv<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Kufr-i tariqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is the state of Existential Unity.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">16<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Sharfudd\u0305in Yahy\u0305a Maner\u0305i said, \u201cWithout being a non-believer, one cannot be a Muslim.\u201d<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">17<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Ghalib has also said the same thing: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0628\u06c1 \u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f\u2018 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u0634\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">&#8216; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0627\u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u0634\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>daulat bah ghalat na-bavad, az sa\u2018\u0305i\u0305i pashem\u0305an shav<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>k\u0305afir na-tav\u0305an\u0305i shud, n\u0305a-ch\u0305ar Musalm\u0305an shav<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{You cannot get good luck easily, repent your efforts to get it; if it is not possible to become an unbeliever, then there is no other option except to become a Musalman.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535319399\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This is how <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is transformed into an aesthetic value. He voices the same sentiment in a letter: \u201cNot to have hope in God is <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. By getting disappointed with God regarding myself, I have become, according to the belief of Islam, a complete <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u0305afir<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u0305afir-i mutlaq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Having become a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u0305afir<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, every hope of getting forgiveness in afterlife has also been lost, the world as well as the faith.\u201d<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">18<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Related to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is his liberality (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>az\u0305adgi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). He has converted friendship with all into an aesthetic value. Mosque and temple, the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shaikh<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Brahman<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, both appear in him as positive and negative symbols. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0633\u0628\u062d\u06c1 \u0648 \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u06be\u0646\u062f\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u06cc\u062e \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u06c1\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah\u0305in kuch sabhah v zunn\u0305ar ke phande men g\u0305ir\u0305a\u2019\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vaf\u0305ad\u0305ari men Shaikh v Barhaman ki \u0305azm\u0305a\u2019\u0305ish hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Neither the rosary nor the sacred thread has any binding<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">force; the real test of the shaikh and the Brahman rests in their faithfulness (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vaf\u0305ad\u0305ari)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u062c\u0632 \u062d\u0628\u06cc\u0628 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0631 \u062c\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u062c\u062f\u06c1\u2018 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u06ba \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0627\u06ba \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>maqs\u0305ud-m\u0305a ze dair o haram juz hab\u0305ib n\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>har j\u0305a kunaim sajdah, bar \u0305an \u0305ast\u0305an ras\u0305id<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{From temple and the mosque, we do not want to realize anything except our Beloved; wherever we prostrate, the abode of God descends there.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0686\u06c1 \u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0631\u06c1\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062e\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u06c1 \u06a9\u0639\u0628\u06c1\u2018 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>cheh lutf-i rahravi-yi \u0305an kih kh\u0305ar khare n\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>marav bah Ka\u2018bah, agar r\u0305ah aiman\u0305i d\u0305arad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{What pleasure is there in taking a path devoid of difficulties? Do not go (even) to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ka\u2018bah <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">if the path is peaceful.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u062a\u0646\u06c1 \u062c\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0633\u062a \u06af\u0627\u06c1 \u0646\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u06cc\u062e \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u06c1\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>harf-i harfam dar maz\u0305aq-i fitnah j\u0305a khv\u0305ahad giraft<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dast-g\u0305ah-i n\u0305az-i Shaikh o Barhaman khv\u0305ahad shudan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Every word of mine, for people of taste, would become an object of turmoil (and as such) would become a precious authority of the Shaikh and the Barhaman.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c2 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0634\u06d2 \u06c1\u06d2\u067e\u0646\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dair v haram \u0305\u0305a\u2019\u0305inah-yi takr\u0305ar-i tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>v\u0305am\u0305andagi-yi shauq tar\u0305ashe hai pan\u0305ahen<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The mosque and the temple are mirror-images reflecting repetition of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a;<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">these are (mere) places of refuge created by the fatigue of human yearning,}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u201c<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">All human beings, Muslim, Hindu or Christian are dear to me and I treat them as my brothers whether the others believe it or not.\u201d(in a letter)<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 19<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">According to Maikash, Existential Unity is at the centre of his thought. However, I would suggest that rather than Existential Unity the concept of existence (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) as such is Ghalib\u2019s central theme. He has not used the terms \u2018Existential\u2019 or \u2018Cognitive Existence\u2019 anywhere. His Urdu and Persian poetry exhibit the influence of both these concepts. While there is rejection of duality of existence and the phenomena produced by this concept, there is also a skepticism about both existence and non-existence. Let us study how he has treated Existence and its derivatives. As mentioned earlier, he is not bound by any current concept. He adopts any of the current concepts that suits his intellectual attitudes in a way that, in most cases, their meanings and their implications are quite different from their traditional sense.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535319929\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Existential Unity means that Existence, the Necessary Being (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>V\u0305ajibul-Vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), and the Absolute Reality are all factually one. Material phenomena are those forms of the Absolute Being that are shaped by the human senses. Reality is abstract, external to the human senses and not within the reach of the senses. Material phenomena are not real. Plurality of forms consists of ethereal constructs of Existence\u2014in other words, they are mere illusion. One group of Sufis describe it through the phrase, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a mauj\u0305ud illa Allah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">; they also believe in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a il\u0305ahah illallah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Both these statements are of fundamental importance to the Sufis. The phrase,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> l\u0305a mauj\u0305ud illa Allah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, states the relationship between <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mauj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and Allah while the other phrase explains the relationship between <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ilah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and Allah. For those believing in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a mauj\u0305ud,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> existence and God are one.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For believers in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a il\u0305ahah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Allah is <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ilah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the rest, that is, that which exists, is other than Allah but is not non-existent. Ghalib\u2019s poetic sensibility does not tolerate duality between <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mauj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and Allah. For him, existence is only one. Those called existents are non-existent. In other words, Ghalib\u2019s gaze is on the created instead of the Creator. Significantly, he too accepts the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> mauj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> as imaginary (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mauh\u0305um).<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The question is: does the imaginary exist or is it an attribute of the imaginary?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0633\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u0648\u06c1\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u0634 \u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0645\u06af\u0648\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0627 \u06c1\u06cc\u0686 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u067e\u0646\u06c1\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0686<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>asm\u0305an vahm ast az Birjish v Kaiv\u0305anash ma-goi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>naqsh-i m\u0305a haich ast, bar pinh\u0305an o paid\u0305a\u2019ish m\u0305a-paich<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The sky is imaginary. Do not talk about its stars. We are nothing and do not go into its being, hidden or visible.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u06cc\u2018 \u06c1\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0686<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u06c1 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0686<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ae kih nabvi harcheh nabvad dar tam\u0305ash\u0305a\u2019ish ma-paich<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>n\u0305ist ghair az s\u0305imiy\u0305a \u2018\u0305alam bah saud\u0305a\u2019ish ma-paich<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Do not involve yourself in the phenomenon of that which has no existence.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This world is imaginary; do not be obsessed with it.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0632 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u06be\u06d2 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0632 \u0648\u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0650 \u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u06d2 \u0622\u06af\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>juz n\u0305am nah\u0305in s\u0305urat-i \u2018\u0305alam mujhe manz\u0305ur<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>juz vahm nah\u0305in hasti-yi ashy\u0305a mere \u0305age<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{I accept the appearance of the world only in name;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the existence of things is, for me, only a false idea.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0622\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648\u2018 \u0627\u0633\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u06c2 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0650 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hast\u0305i ke mat fareb men \u0305aj\u0305a\u2019\u0305iyo, Asad!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>alam tam\u0305am halqah-yi d\u0305am-i khay\u0305al hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Do not be deceived by existence, Asad; the whole universe is a net of imagination.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06be\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0650 \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0631\u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2\u2018 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>h\u0305an kh\u0305a\u2019\u0305iyo mat fareb-i hast\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>har-chand kahe\u0305n keh hai, nah\u0305in hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Do no fall a prey to the deception of existence; you may assume that it exists but, actually, it does not.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u06c1\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0626\u06cc \u0648\u06c1\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u062c\u06be\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kasrat\u0305ar\u0305a\u2019\u0305i-yi vahdat hai parast\u0305ar\u0305i-yi vahm<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kardiy\u0305a k\u0305afir in asn\u0305am-i khay\u0305al\u0305i ne mujhe<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Plurality of Unity is due to obsession with Illusion. These imaginary idols have turned me into a non-believer. Allah is one but I am caught in the illusion that the plurality of the material phenomena around me is real. My perception of them has made me a non-believer. Ghalib\u2019s faith is a faith in, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a mauj\u0305ud illallah.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0648\u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u0646\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0686\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u06c1\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ze vahm, naqsh-i khay\u0305al\u0305i kash\u0305idah-yi, varnah<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vuj\u0305ud-i khalq ch\u0305u \u2018anq\u0305a ba-dahr n\u0305ay\u0305ab ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The creation does not exist.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It is interesting that Ghalib refuses to believe in any existent except Allah but, at the same time, treats the illusion of things as real. It is something complex but it also provides an intellectual feast. He has described the illusion through various images and symbols borrowed from the Persian and Urdu tradition of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghazal:<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u0635\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gharq-i muhit-i vahdat-sarfaim o dar nazar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>az r\u0305uy-yi bahr maujah v gird\u0305ab shashtah aim<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{We are totally drowned in Existential Unity;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">we have removed from the sea every wave and whirlpool.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u06d2 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0650 \u0628\u062d\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u06be\u0631\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u06c1 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c \u0648 \u062d\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hai mushtamil num\u0305ud-i suvar par vuj\u0305ud-i bahr<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>y\u0305an ky\u0305a dhar\u0305a hai qatrah o mauj o hab\u0305ab men<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The existence of the sea depends on appearance of forms; otherwise drop of water, wave and bubble have no meaning.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0630\u0631\u06c1 \u0628\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0650 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hai tajall\u0305i tiri sam\u0305an-i vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>zarrah be partav-i khursh\u0305id nah\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Existence is due to your (God\u2019s) \u2018illumination\u2019;every particle of dust owes its existence to the light of the sun.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There are several moments when his search for reality of the truth leads him from one concept to another. He does not get any satisfactory answer. The questions remain questions. This produces a state he has described as \u201cbewilderment (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tahayyur<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">)\u201d. However, even <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tahayyur<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> could not satisfy the intellect of his natural life. As we shall see later, it has played a role in the construction of the values of his poetic life. Amidst his intellectual and intuitional inability to find meaning in mutual harmony and disharmony, he is satisfied in being able to see and enjoy phenomena of life.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c2 \u0631\u0627\u0632\u0633\u062a\u2018 \u0686\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u2018 \u0686\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u2018 \u0628\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>alam \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah-yi r\u0305az ast cheh paid\u0305a cheh nih\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305ab-i and\u0305ishah nah d\u0305ar\u0305i, bah-nig\u0305ahe dary\u0305ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The world is a mirror of the secret whether visible or hidden; if you cannot afford to be reflective, access it by merely looking at it.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Out of the fierce struggle with questions of existence, non-existence and illusion emerges the real persona of Ghalib when he rejects all of them\u2014not because he wants to replace them with some other concept or belief but because his intellectualism admits of its inability to reach to any conclusion. He sheds all his intellectual verdicts and goes back to the faith embedded in his mind and poetic intuition:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06cc\u062f\u0644\u06cc \u06c1\u0627\u06d2 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u06d2 \u0646\u06c1 \u0630\u0648\u0642<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06c1\u0627\u06d2 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0646\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bedil\u0305ih\u0305ay tam\u0305asha kih nah \u2018ibrat hai nah zauq<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bekas\u0305ih\u0305ay tamanna kih nah duny\u0305a hai nah d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{No interest in the phenomena, showing no appreciation of their impact; how helpless is <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> . There is neither world nor faith.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u063a\u0641\u0644\u062a \u06c1\u06d2 \u0686\u06c1 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0686\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305af-i d\u0305anish ghalat o naf\u2018-i \u2018ib\u0305adat ma\u2018l\u0305um<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>durd-i yak s\u0305aghar-i ghaflat hai, cheh duny\u0305a o cheh d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The boastfulness of reason is wrong; and there is no benefit in praying; All is just a drop in the cup of forgetfulness be it the material world or faith.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In this crucial struggle, Ghalib\u2019s intellect finally asserts itself:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648 \u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u06c1\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u06af\u06c1\u06cc \u06af\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u2018 \u063a\u0641\u0644\u062a \u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06c1\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>apn\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> hasti hi se ho jo kuchh ho<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>agahi gar nah\u0305i, ghaflat hi sah\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Whatever can be achieved. can be achieved only by one\u2019s own self; if not enlightenment, let it be forgetfulness.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0686\u06c1\u0621 \u0627\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u06d2 \u0622\u06af\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0634\u0628 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u06d2 \u0622\u06af\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>b\u0305az\u0305ichah-yi atf\u0305al hai duny\u0305a mere \u0305age<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hot\u0305a hai shab o roz tam\u0305ash\u0305a mere \u0305age<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The world is a child\u2019s toy for me; there is always some spectacle played out before me every day and night.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He acknowledges the complex nature of the relationship between Absolute Reality and the reality of things. In the preface to his treatise, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Sir\u0305ajul-Ma\u2018rifat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d, he says: \u201cReality is like a complex letter headlined <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a muvassir fi\u2019l-vuj\u0305ud ill\u0305a Allah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, and in the letter is written, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a mauj\u0305ud ill\u0305a Allah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. The bearer and revealer of this letter is the last Messenger of God.\u201d <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">19<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> One may call it the mysticism of Ghalib in which he and the world both become unreal. Mark it. He does not at all insist that you should agree with him.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535322183\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Obligation and Possibility\/ <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u06ba<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>vujub v imkan<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Both are basic concepts of Ghalib\u2019s Existentialism. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mehr-I N\u0305imroz <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">provides some more material on these issues in his Existential Intellectualism. In various images, symbols and through many arguments, he elaborates the concept of Existential Unity.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">21 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> At the same time, to protect himself from allegations of doubting the non-Sufi beliefs in the dual existence of God the Creator and the Creation, he also quotes the traditional positions of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> on these issues and clarifies that he was translating similar views held by others (implying that they were not his views.) He makes it clear that whatever he is writing is for a royal assignment and he is recording the positions of both of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tariqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Ghaugin Sh\u0305ah<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">His correspondence with Hazratj\u0305I Ghamg\u0305in Sh\u0305ah of Gwalior (1167\/1753-1268\/1851) contains exchanges of views on certain complex issues of Sufi thought and practice. They are important since they help, to a large extent, in providing an insight into Ghalib\u2019s involvement with mystical thought which was an important factor in shaping his layered \u2018poetic life\u2019. Ghamg\u0305in Sh\u0305ah was in Delhi, aged 60, when Ghalib shifted to Delhi from Agra. After three years, in 1825, he came back to Gwalior. Ghamg\u0305in Sh\u0305ah was known as a Sufi and as a poet. He used to attend gatherings at the residence of eminent Sufi poet, Khv\u0305ajah M\u0305ir Dard. He had his disciples throughout India. Ghalib\u2019s father-in-law, Nav\u0305ab Il\u0305ah\u0305I Bakhsh Ma\u2018r\u0305uf was one such. Between 1812\/13 and 1815 Ghalib and Ghamg\u0305in were in Delhi but we do not know if they met each other even once. In a letter written from Gwalior, Ghamg\u0305in expressed his desire to meet Ghalib to discuss mystical issues.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">22 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The available letters were written around 1838. Before that, in 1833, when Ghalib was 36, his Urdu collection had already been compiled, to be followed by the Persian collection in 1835. From this, one can glean that before these letters were written the physical and metaphysical dimensions of his intellectual concerns had already been shaped.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535322358\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The letters indicate that the theme of Existential Unity was the chief element of mutual attraction between the two. They wanted to share, from philosophical and mystical angles, their views on complex concepts and experiences like existence, non-existence, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>a\u2018y\u0305an, \u2018ain, ghair, fan\u0305a, baq\u0305a, mak\u0305an, zam\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>be-rang\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. This is the realm where intellect does not play any role and where only feelings are effective as means of communication and that too when words are capable of such communication. This is also the problem of poetic creation and communication. Therefore, in these letters are found the same mysterious symbols that float on the mystic plane of sublime poetry and which can be felt but are not amenable to analysis or explanation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535322630\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As we noted before, Ghalib had links with certain Sufis of Delhi. According to Muhammad Husain \u0305Az\u0305ad,<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">23 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib had spiritual allegiance to the family of the Sufi, Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fakhrudd\u0305in Dehlvi. H\u0305al\u0305i has mentioned Ghalib\u2019s intimate relations with Hazrat Mi\u0305an K\u0305ale who was the grandson and successor of Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fakhrudd\u0305in. It was through the good offices of K\u0305ale Mi\u0305an that Ghalib could get access to the court of Emperor Bah\u0305adur Sh\u0305ah Zafar. Maikash Akbar\u0305ab\u0305ad\u0305i believes that Ghalib learnt much on Sufi matters from K\u0305ale Mi\u0305an.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">24<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fazl-i Haq K\u00adhair\u0305ab\u0305adi was another scholar who had greatly impacted Ghalib intellectually. Although he was a scholar of rational sciences, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ma\u2018q\u0305ul\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, he was also a believer in Existential Unity.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">25<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The issues they discussed in the letters were strictly philosophical and gnostic. It is not possible to decipher this discourse, but one who is interested in these concepts may get a \u2018feel\u201d of it. Their exchanges are greatly nuanced and couched in mystical phraseology.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The exchanges between the two are mainly focused on the concepts of Existence of the Non-Existents and the complex nature of cognition, the relationship between concepts and the words that identify them. For instance, one major concept is of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ain<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (actual reality) and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghair<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (the \u2018other\u2019)\u2014existence other than <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ain<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the nature of the relationship between the two. When Ghalib objected to the use of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghair<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in one of his letters to him, Ghamg\u0305in clarified that <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghair<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is a meaningless word since its meanings are similar to the meanings of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ain<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. He points out that words do not change realities. However, it is also true that if the words \u2018I\u2019 and \u2018You\u2019 and \u2018this\u2019 and \u2018that\u2019 are removed, it would not be possible to decipher the text. Still, the latent meanings of these concepts are always concealed. Sufis like Ibn Arabi, Junaid of Baghdad and Shibli were in favour of keeping the mysterious meanings concealed, although they believed in the material world as the actual reality of god (\u2018<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ain<\/i><\/span> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Haq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The central theme of Existence, as we have seen, has been variously explained by Ghalib. Existence is one and indivisible. He says that, \u201cA belief in both the world and the faith amounts to committing the great sin of \u2018association in Existence (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shirk fi\u2019l-Vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">)\u2019. Faith (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) like the world (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dunya<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) is, also, an illusionary image and one should not have any attachment to it.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535322777\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535322895\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535322986\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535323092\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A point to note is that these mystical and philosophical concepts were alien to Ghalib\u2019s poetic sensibilities and, therefore, instead of becoming a part of his intellectuality, these complexities led to the emergence of what Ghalib called <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tah\u0305iyyur<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2014a sense of bewilderment. In the same letter, he declares that it is his \u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>i<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>m\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (faith) and all else is illusion; at the same time, he also believed in all that exists in this world, messengership (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nubuvvah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), sainthood (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vil\u0305ayat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), day of judgment (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hashr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and resurrection (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nashr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), reward and punishment. Was Ghalib in search of answers to \u2018something more\u2019 than what he had already known? Perhaps. It is this \u201csomething more\u201d that he wanted to learn Ghamg\u0305in. But what that something was, is not clear. There is, however, one matter on which he was keen to be enlightened \u2014 the state of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>be-rang\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. In a letter, he says that he has attached himself to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>be-rang\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and his effort is to return to his essential being (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hasti<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Maikash explains that <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>be-rang\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is a Sufi practice performed by fixing one\u2019s gaze at the sky or on the void (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khal\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) leading the practitioner into the state of selflessness (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>be-khud\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and, finally, into the state of annihilation into the essence of God (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>fan\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Achievement of this state is considered very important in all Sufi orders.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">26<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> In my opinion,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> rang<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> means all material phenomena and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>be-rang\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> means a state of consciousness in which material phenomena do not exist. Practice of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>be-rangi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> means abstraction and to try to imagine the non-existent, abstraction of things besides God. Again, differing from the traditional Sufi concept, he says that he is not engaged in the practice of fixing his gaze on the void but for him <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>be-rangi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> means returning to his essential existence (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>asl hast\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). He writes that he, at that time, was observing the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>be-rangi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> scenario, a state that is automatically achieved through contemplation. He urges Ghamg\u0305in to direct intense attention (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tavajjeh<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) so that he becomes exclusively occupied with that state, liberates himself from both <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rang<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>be-rang\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and turns into absolute nullity (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018adam-i mahz<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib said that although he was an ignorant son of a soldier and his ancestors were Turks of the desert, he wrote some poetry but had no pretensions to<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> tasavvuf<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. His state was no more than that of a person in whose consciousness Existential Unity and of existence of things had been embedded and the concept that \u2018Truth (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Haq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) was<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> mahs\u0305us<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the Created (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khalq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) was intelligible (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ma\u2018q\u0305ul<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). All he knows is that only the One exists and nothing else exists besides Him. At the same time, he has been forced to admit the fact of his own presence among the existents. \u201cApart from that, all my courage, efforts and devotional exercises, are dependent on a cup or two of wine which I drink at night and go to sleep. I know neither faith nor the world.\u201d This is the second level of his attitude towards the world. On the third level, he is back in our world. \u201cThe hot summer and poverty are no problem for my travelling. I can just put on a garment and travel. But, my case (of pension) is pending abroad for the last two years. Hope that within a day or two, or in a month or two, I will receive the order (of pension) and would leave for Gwalior.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Thus, for Ghalib the world is: (i) mere illusion; (ii) a world where there is no certainty about the existence of faith (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and the world (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>duny\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) in case they exist; (iii) our world with its material problems. These three do not appear to be coaxial. Indeed, searching for any logical system in the realms of literature and fine arts would be futile. Ghalib himself has remarked on this, and the correspondence reflects a truth about certain points regarding his attachment to mysticism that is absent in his poetry.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Existential Unity is the only means to achieve gnosis of the Absolute Reality. Duality of the actual Realty (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ain<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and \u2018the other\u2019 (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghair<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>is <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unreal<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>,<\/i><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Existential Unity and knowledge are a part of my consciousness. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Faith and the world are both an illusion. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">These three levels, apparently, do not intersect each other, anywhere. In any case, it bears reiteration that searching for any logical system in the realms of literature and the arts would be a futile exercise. This correspondence, however, helps in the following ways to gauge Ghalib\u2019s attachment to Sufism that is absent in his poetic expression.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(1) \u2018The only source of gnosis of the Abstract Reality is the concept of Existential Unity. Duality of Actual Reality and \u2018the other\u2019 does not exist; both are the same.\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(2) He declares, \u2018I have nothing to do with Sufism. However, cognizance of Existential Unity and of Things is imbedded in me.\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(3) \u2018Faith and the world, both are imaginary\u2019.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(4) \u2018From <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>a\u2018y\u0305an-i s\u0305abitah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> till the day of Last Judgement all phenomena are false while the state of Existence remains the same.\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(5) Ghalib fully accepts Ibn Arabi\u2019s dictum that the existence of the creation is within the realm of human reason while the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Haq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is only that which man feels.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(6) He is not a disbeliever in anything; his belief includes belief in messengership, sainthood, and reward and punishment.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Commenting on these views, Ghamg\u0305in says that \u201cthe knowledge of Sufism expressed in your letters is absent even among the worldly <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a.<\/i><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d27 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He adds that he greatly admired Ghalib\u2019s independent approach and I would very much like to meet you. In Delhi, there are thousands of those with long beards, moustaches, rosaries and loose garments which are useless for me. I am very glad about your way of thinking.\u201d <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">28<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Now, what is this \u2018independent attitude\u2019? As mentioned above, in these letters, there is a three-fold perception of phenomena: (1) everything except Abstract Existence is mere nullity; (2) there is no distinction between faith and the world; (3) the world and its problems are real for all of us. These three levels are apparently parallel and even contradictory to each other. Is it necessary to search for any connection among them? On the other hand, in the realm of literature and the arts what is beyond communication is also effective (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mu\u2019assir<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Ghalib was aware of this difficulty. He admits distinctions between reality and illusion, actual reality and \u2018the other\u2019, the world and its perception, and the distinction between the sensual and gnostic levels of identification. Then, after such an admission, he embarks on building, from a place far away from all these levels, his position for shaping harmony among these three levels, that is described by Ghamgin as an independent approach (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u0305az\u0305ad\u0305anah rava\u0305iyyah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). While doing so, Ghalib suggests distinguishing between \u201cconcept\u201d (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tasavvur<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and a \u201cparticular condition of mind\/ feeling (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaifiyat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I do not deny anything but accept them all \u2014 unbelief as well as belief, actual reality as well as \u2018the other\u2019\u200e\u2014not in real existences but in a particular state (condition) of mind\/feeling. All these exist as concepts but not as the concepts that we normally form but those that this <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaif\u0305iyat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (particular state of mind) possesses. This relationship between the two is like that between sea and wave or sun and light.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">These letters, especially the above-mentioned one, show Ghalib at a unique meeting place of thought and intuition. His argument that all phenomena are especial perceptions\u2014not the ones which we normally have but those possessed by this <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaif\u0305iyat,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> invites every believer to deliberate on both the material and the spiritual worlds and on the relationships between the two. Again, to interpret Islam and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> \u2018ain and ghair<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> as sea and wave and as sun and sunlight is unique in philosophical or mystic systems. This is, indeed, too complex a concept to understand.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535323836\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Imtin\u0305a\u2018un-Naz\u0305i<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>r<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0631<\/b><\/span><\/span><b> <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535324094\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535324154\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535324275\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535324416\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Around 1820, an issue that was being debated intensely among the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulama<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of Delhi was whether Allah could create, like the present one, another world, Adam, and the Messenger of Allah. It was a very complex issue full of dangerous leads. The Delhi <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> were divided on the matter. One group, including Ghalib\u2019s close friend, Maulana Fazl-i Haq Khair\u0305ab\u0305ad\u0305i, believed that Allah was not empowered to create another world and a Messenger of Allah like the present one. The other group led by another eminent scholar, Sh\u0305ah Ism\u0305a\u2018\u0305il Shah\u0305id, claimed that Allah could do whatever He wanted to do and nothing was impossible for Him. According to Alt\u0305af Husain H\u0305al\u0305I <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">28<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fazl-i Haq, believed that creation of another Seal of Messengers (Kh\u0305atimun-Nab\u0305iy\u0305in, Muhammad) was an act just as Allah cannot create someone like Himself. Maul\u0305an\u0305a Ism\u0305a\u2018\u0305il Shah\u0305id\u2019s position was that creation of a likeness (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>misl<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) of Muhammad was not impossible-in-itself (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mumtina \u2018bi-zz\u0305at),<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> but it was possible-in-itself (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mumkin bi-zz\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and impossible with \u2018the other\u2019(<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mumtina\u2018 bi\u2019l-ghair<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). That is, \u2018the likeness of the Messenger\u2019 was not possible, not because Allah was not empowered to create him but because its creation would go against His quality of seal-ness (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kh\u0305atim\u0305iyat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">29 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Maul\u0305an\u0305a \u2018Ism\u0305a\u2018\u0305il Shah\u0305id had written a treatise, \u201cYak Rozi\u201d, as a counter to Maulana Fazl-i Haq\u2019s thesis.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">30<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib had great respect for Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fazl-i Haq, as a scholar and litterateur. The Maul\u0305an\u0305a asked Ghalib to write in support of his position. Ghalib at first excused himself on the plea that it was difficult to versify academic issues, but later, on his insistence, agreed to do so. He expressed his views in the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masnavi Shashum<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> included in his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kulliy\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. H\u0305ali commented that Ghalib did not say that Allah was not empowered to create the Seal of Messengers; he argued that although another <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Kh\u0305atim <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">could not be created in the present world, He was empowered to create another world with a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Kh\u0305atim<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> like the present one.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u06c1\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u06c1 \u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0622\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u06c1\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0622\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ankih mehr o m\u0305\u0305ah o akhtar \u0305afr\u0305id<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>m\u0305i tav\u0305anad mehr-i d\u0305igar \u0305afr\u0305id<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{One who has created the moon and stars can create another sun.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0644\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0654 \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0646\u062c\u062f \u062f\u0648 \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>lek dar yak \u2018\u0305alam az r\u0305u-yi yaq\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khud nam\u0305i ganjad do Khatmul- Mursal\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{But it is certainly unbelievable that there could be two \u2018last messengers\u2019 in<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one world.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u062a\u0627\u06c1\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0633 \u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0642 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0633 \u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>yak jah\u0305an t\u0305a hast, yak kh\u0305atim bas ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>qudrat-i haq r\u0305a nah yak \u2018\u0305alm bas ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{As far as there exists one world, there would be only one \u2018last messenger\u2019; however, God\u2019s power does not end with only one world.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u06c1\u0631 \u0630\u0631\u06c1 \u0622\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khv\u0305ahad az har zarrah \u0305arad \u2018\u0305alm-e<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ham buvad har \u2018\u0305alam-e r\u0305a kh\u0305atam-e<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{If He so wishes, He can create worlds from each particle with each having its own \u2018last messenger\u2019.}.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0631\u06a9\u062c\u0627 \u06c1\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06c1\u2018 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u062d\u0645\u062a\u06c1 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>har kuj\u0305a hang\u0305amah-yi \u2018\u0305alam buvad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Rahmatulil- \u2018\u0305Alamin-e <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(Muhammad) ham<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> buvad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Wherever there would be a world, there would be a \u2018Mercy for the Worlds.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0648 \u0628 \u062a\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kasrat-i ibd\u0305a\u2018-yi \u2018\u0305alam kh\u0305ub-tar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ya ba-yak \u2018\u0305alam do kh\u0305atim kh\u0305ub-tar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{What is better\u2014many new worlds coming into existence or two \u2018last messengers\u2019 in one world?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0635\u062f \u06c1\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u06af\u0648\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dar yaki \u2018\u0305alam dot\u0305a kh\u0305atim ma-jue<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sad haz\u0305aron \u2018\u0305alam v kh\u0305atim ba-goe<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Do not seek two Seals in one world, hope for millions of worlds with their own \u2018Seals\u2019.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">At this point, Ghalib totally changes his stand:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0646\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0645 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0645 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ghalib! \u0305In and\u0305ishah na-paz\u0305iram hami<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khurdah ham bar khuv\u0305ish m\u0305i g\u0305iram hami<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Ghalib! What nonsense are you talking! I do not accept this view. I admit my mistake.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06c1\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0635\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mabda-yi \u0305ij\u0305ad-i har \u2018\u0305alam yakaist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gar do sad \u2018\u0305alam buvad, kh\u0305atam yakest<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Since the creator of each world is only one, so there would be only one \u2018Last Messenger\u2019 for hundreds of worlds.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0646\u06c1\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>s\u0305ana\u2018-yi \u2018\u0305alam chunin kard ikhtiy\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kas ba-\u2018\u0305alam misl na-buvad, z\u0305inh\u0305ar!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">IIt was the desire of God that there would not be any other like Muhammad.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u06c1 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0633\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0642\u06cc\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u06c1 \u0628\u06cc \u06c1\u0645\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0641\u06cc\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>in nah \u2018ijz ast, ikhtiy\u0305ar-ast, aiy faqih!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khv\u0305ajah be-hamt\u0305a buvad, la raib fih<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{(Dogmatic)Jurist! This is not the helplessness of God. It is His power to do what He wants to do.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0634 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>munfarad andar kamal-i z\u0305ati-ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a jaram, mislash muh\u0305al-i z\u0305at\u0305i-ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The Messenger is unique in his personal attributes. It is impossible to be like<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">him.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u06cc\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06c1 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>z\u0305in \u2018aqidat bar nagardam, vassal\u0305am!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>n\u0305amah r\u0305a dar m\u0305i navardam, vassal\u0305am!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{I cannot give up this belief. This is the end of my submission.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">H\u0305al\u0305i observed that although Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fazl-i Haq had fully explained his position to Ghalib, the latter wrote what he considered correct and his later clarification was made under the Maul\u0305an\u0305a\u2019s insistence and does not represent Ghalib\u2019s own opinion.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">31<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The eminent poet-philosopher, Iqbal was also interested in this concept. In his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>J\u0305aved N\u0305amah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, he has placed Ghalib in the sky as Mushtari (Jupiter). He queries Ghalib regarding the issue of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Imtin\u0305a\u2018un-Naz\u0305ir<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and himself replies on behalf of Ghalib. Iqbal was experiencing difficulty in understanding it and consulted Maul\u0305an\u0305a Sulem\u0305an Nadvi. His views are as follows:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535325766\"><\/a> \u201c<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The present astronomers say that in some stars human beings and creatures of an even higher order may live. If it is like that then the manifestation of a Mercy of the World is necessary there too. In this manner, transmigration or <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>buruz<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> would be at least necessary for the Mohammadans. Suhravardi, the Shaikh of the Ishr\u0305aqi (illumination) philosophy was in a certain way convinced of transmigration of souls.\u201d<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 32<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib\u2019s engagement with the issue of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Imtin\u0305a\u2018aun-Naz\u0305ir<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> indicates how he was spiritually and intellectually involved in the concepts of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tasavvuf<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, philosophy and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kal\u0305am<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (Islamic scholasticism). Second, it shows that he did not depend on the opinions of any other, howsoever eminent or close to him, on these issues. This is yet another instance of how for Ghalib his own intuition and intellect (or intuitional intellect) were the sole source of knowledge.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Concept of Time:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535325940\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There is no substantial discussion on the concept of Time in the Indian Muslim intellectual tradition. It is also absent in the philosophical and Sufi discourse during the times of Ghalib. It is not a subject in the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ma\u2018q\u0305ul\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (contemplative sciences) or in the writings of Ghalib\u2019s intellectual colleague, Fazl-i Haq Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi. Iqbal was the first among the Indian Muslim thinkers who noticed it in his western intellectual references. He consulted Suleman Nadvi and other Muslim scholars on the concept of Time. He was told that that there was a treatise that discussed Time, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Gh\u0305ayat al-Imk\u0305an fi Dir\u0305ayatul-Mak\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Iqbal had mentioned \u2018Iraqi, an eminent Persian poet (1556-1591) as its author.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">33<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Later, he clarified that he was not sure about the real author of that treatise.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">33 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Its author is \u2018Ain al-Quz\u0305at Hamd\u0305an\u0305i (525 A.H.\/1130-31).<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">34<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Mumt\u0305az Husain is the only Urdu academic who has identified the concept of Time in Ghalib\u2019s treatise, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mehr-i N\u0305imroz<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">35<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> He believes that if we study the discussion in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mehr-i N\u0305imroz<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> along with a letter of Ghalib addressed to Ghamg\u0305\u0305in, the impact of \u2018Ain al-Quz\u0305at on Ghalib\u2019s concept of Time can be clearly discerned. Before discussing Mumtaz Husain\u2019s views, let us have an idea of \u2018Ain al-Quz\u0305at\u2019s concept of Time through some quotations from that treatise:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The gnosis of Time and Space is the gnosis of the Essence and Attributes of God and one who possesses such gnosis (\u2018<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>irf\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) is blessed more with the direct knowledge of the Essence and Attributes of God.\u201d <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">36<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535326226\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On Space, he says: \u201cThere are three types of Space. First, Corporeal Space (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mak\u0305an-i Jism\u0305aniy\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">); second, Spiritual Space (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mak\u0305an-i R\u0305uhaniy`at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and the third is the Space of God. Spiritual Space is of three types: (a) Lower Spirituality (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ad\u0305na R\u0305`uh\u0305aniy\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> space of the angels looking after Hell and the earths below our earths, (b) Middle Spirituality (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Avsat R\u0305uh\u0305aniyat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), and (c) Higher Spirituality, the Space of those angels who are closest to God. There is also the Space of God (Mak\u0305an-i Il\u0305`ahi) having no length or breadth, no depth, no distance, no travelling, no highs, no lows; He is neither on the left nor on the right, nor in front nor behind. The Essence of God is beyond all attributes and accidents, without any physical features. If this is so, then the question arises as to how to understand the idea of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>closeness (qurb) to God<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">? \u2018Ain al-Quz\u0305at says that this \u201ca sealed secret and it is not possible to know Him without the gnosis of Space and Time.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Time is of three types:<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 37<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (1) First: Corporeal Time \u2014it has two grades. The first grade is of the World of Dense Time (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Zam\u0305an-i Kas\u0305`if<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), that is created from the revolution and movement of the Skies like today or tomorrow; it contains in itself all the three\u200e\u2014the past, the present and the future. The second grade is of the World of Rarefied Corporal Time (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Zam\u0305an -i Jism`aniy\u0305at-i Lat\u0305if<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), in which the speed of Time is very fast. (2) The Time of Spiritualty (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Zam\u0305an-i R\u0305uh`\u0305aniy\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). One of its several types is Angels\u2019 Time (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mal\u0305a\u2019ikah k\u0305a Zam\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). It does not have any resistance or paucity of space. Its past has no beginning (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>azal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and the future is eternity (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>abad<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). (3) The Time of God (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Zam\u0305an-i HaqTa\u2018\u0305al\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">): it has no past or future; beginning and end are one; there is no space for any plurality; it is a Time that does not accept either plurality or divisibility. God rules over all infinite powers with a singular competence. He is the Knower of all eternal information with a knowledge having no plurality. He is the first and the last.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Besides \u2018Ain al-Quz\u0305at, Mumtaz Husain quotes from a letter by Ghalib to Ghamg\u0305in:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow are parts of the Absolute. Everything from beginning to end is one moment and all from the lowest to the highest is, in that moment, a single Space. Existence is one and indivisible and if the existence of the world and the faith (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) are believed in, it would amount to \u2018association in Existence (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shirk fi al-vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">)\u2019. I believe that faith, like the world, is an illusion and one should not be attached to illusion.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The third source Mumtaz Husain refers to is <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mehr-i N\u0305imroz<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> where Ghalib writes:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The wise men of India, Khat\u0305a, and Greece agree that on both sides of the Creation there is no limit. From the beginning till the end this phenomenon would continue with all kinds with the same embellishments. What did not happen did not happen; what shall not happen shall not happen. This view is held not only by other religions, but our religious elite also believed in it. For instance, R\u0305umi says:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u0634\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u06af\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>pashshah ka\u2019y danad ki \u0305in b\u0305agh az ka\u2019y ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dar bah\u0305ar\u0305an z\u0305ad o margash dar Dai ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{How can a mosquito understand since when this garden exists as it was born in spring and also died in spring?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib then refers to the sayings of the Shi\u2018ah spiritual figures, \u2018Ali and Imam Ja\u2018far S\u0305adiq, who believed that this had been the way when the Creator of Existence, as demanded by manifestation, created Adam and Eve on the inauguration of every age so that the world is inhabited with new generations of humankind and the administration of the forthcoming world would function smoothly. When this age ends, then would dawn the Last Day when everyone would be rewarded or punished according to his good or bad deeds in the worl<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>d.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535326907\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The discourse on Time includes the phenomena of incidence (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hud\u0305us<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and eternity (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>qidam<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) as indicators of the nature of Time. Ghalib rejects them as empty and inapplicable.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There is no external existence of the universe. New and old are incidental attributes. All attributes of the Holy Being are His Essence. And the world is not separate from Him just as rays are not separate from the Sun. From the external existents of the world up to the recreated forms of the Last Day, He is manifesting Himself from Himself (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>az khv\u0305ish bar khv\u0305ish jalvah gustar ast<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Mumt\u0305az Husain deduces this same concept of Time from the Existentialism of Ghalib. Then he advances the view that the concept of Time that Ghalib constructed from his concept of Existential Unity (Vahdatal-Vuj\u0305ud), \u201cnothing exists except Allah, nothing impacts in the existence except Allah\u201d, contains revolutionary potentialities for the following reasons:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Concept of Time is the Time of constant creation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631 \u06c1\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0631\u06c1 \u0628\u0631\u06c1\u0645 \u0632\u062f\u0646\u2018 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u0633\u06af\u0627\u0644\u062f \u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dar har mizhah barham zadan, \u0305in khalq jad\u0305id ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nazz\u0305arah sag\u0305alad kih hum\u0305an ast o hum\u0305an n\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{With every blink of the eye, this world is new whereas we regard this as the same world and it is not.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2) Infinity and serial Time become indistinguishable; Time and Space integrate into each other. In them, there is no first or last. Since Time is \u2018one moment\u2019, it becomes infinite. Similarly, since Space is \u2018one Space\u2019, it is also infinite. Time and Space are infinite since without this the process of the Absolute\u2019s love of manifestation cannot be infinite. Besides, in this concept of Time the duality of Essence and Attributes does not exist.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3) Human existence, integrating with God, obtains His attribute of creativity.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632 \u0622\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0632 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u06c2 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0641\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ze \u0305afr\u0305inash-i \u2018\u0305alam gharaz juz \u0305Adam n\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ba-gird-i nuqtah-yi m\u0305a daur-i haft park\u0305ar ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The object of the creation of the world is nothing except man; the whole universe revolves around us.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In this discussion, Mumtaz Husain did not refer to Ghalib\u2019s old colleague, Bedil, where considerable material is available on this subject. That Bedil had a huge impact on the thinking of Ghalib is another subject of study. Here, Bedil\u2019s influence on Ghalib\u2019s concept of Time and Space is more visible. Khv\u0305ajah \u2018Ib\u0305adullah Akhtar has identified influences of Bedil on different concepts and attitudes. The following is a summary of his impact on Ghalib\u2019s concept of time:<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 38<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535327246\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535327303\"><\/a> \u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Concept of Time and the issue of Recreation of the Likes of the Created Beings (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tajaddud-i ams\u0305al<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). It means that the form and appearance of a thing is changing but the essence of the Thing itself does not change; everything during a process of change, every moment, passes through a new creation (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khalq-i jad\u0305id<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u06c1 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u062a \u0686\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dar k\u0305argah-i tajd\u0305id yakast chaman s\u0305azaist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>taqv\u0305im-i bah\u0305ar \u0305in j\u0305a p\u0305ar\u0305inah nahm\u0305i-b\u0305ashad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{A new world is always created in the workplace of renewal; there is always spring in this garden.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0627\u06c1 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0639\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0646\u06c1 \u0634\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u062f \u0644<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u0642\u062f\u0631\u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0627 \u0628\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u06c1\u0627 \u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ze k\u0305arg\u0305ah-i tajaddud \u2018ay\u0305an nah shud, Bedil!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>juz \u0305in qadar kih kas \u0305in j\u0305a ba-intih\u0305a nah ra\u0305sid<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Bedil! From this workplace of renewal nothing emerged except that no one<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reached the ultimate limit.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0637 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0634\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>takr\u0305ar ma-bandaid bar aur\u0305aq- tajaddud<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>taqv\u0305im-i nafas ra khat-p\u0305arinah na-b\u0305ashad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{There is no repetition in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">the process of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">renewal. In the calendar of life, nothing gets old.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc \u06af\u0630 \u0634\u062a \u0646\u06c1 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah dai guzasht nah fard\u0305a bah-paish m\u0305i-\u0305amad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tajaddud-i man v m\u0305a t\u0305a qay\u0305amat \u0305agh\u0305az ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Neither yesterday has passed nor tomorrow is going to happen. My renewal or that of all would be a beginning forever.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u06cc\u0632\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06af\u0645 \u06af\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghub\u0305ar-i m\u0305az\u0305i v mustaqbil az h\u0305al-i t\u0305u mi-khezad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dar imroz ast gum gar v\u0305ashig\u0305afi dai o fard\u0305a r\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The dust of the past and of the future rises from your present; if you dismember your yesterday and tomorrow, your would find that both are mingled in your present.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0627\u2018 \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0627\u2018 \u0628\u06c1\u0634\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0627\u2018 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0641\u0644\u06cc \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nash\u0305at \u0305in j\u0305a, bah\u0305ar \u0305in j\u0305a, bahisht \u0305in j\u0305a, nig\u0305ar \u0305in j\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305u kaz khud gh\u0305afile sarf-e \u2018adam kun d\u0305urb\u0305in\u0305i r\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Happiness, spring, paradise and the beloved are all here (in the present). Forget about the past and the future.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u062c\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645\u2018 \u0646\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0635\u062f \u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0641\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>har kuj\u0305a raftam na-raftam n\u0305im-g\u0305am az khud bar\u0305un<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sad qay\u0305amat raft o imroz-i mar\u0305a fard\u0305a na-kard<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Wherever I went, I did not take one half step outside of myself, hundreds of calamities happened but could not change my today into tomorrow.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u062a \u0686\u06c1 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u06cc\u0670 \u0648 \u0686\u06c1 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06cc\u0686 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06af\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>an sue khv\u0305ishat che \u2018uqb\u0305a v che duny\u0305a haich n\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>begzur az -khud t`a nig\u0305ahe paish-b\u0305in paid`a shavad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Life and life-after-death are there because of us. Go beyond yourself so that you can gain insight into the future.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u06c1\u0631 \u0633\u0648 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0632\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062c\u0632 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hirs har s\u0305u mi burad bar s\u0305im v zar d\u0305arad nazar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>z\u0305ahid az firdaus ham matl\u0305ub juz duny\u0305a na-d\u0305asht<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Greed always keeps an eye on wealth; the ascetic\u2019s desire for paradise, is nothing else than a greed for worldly pleasures.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535328006\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Mumtaz Husain believes that Ghalib\u2019s concept of Time has been acquired from \u2018Ain al-Quz\u0305at Hamd\u0305ani since Ghalib has mentioned \u2018Ain al- Quz\u0305at in his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mehr-i N\u0305imroz<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, although there is no mention of the concept of Time there. Most probably, Bedil is the source of Ghalib\u2019s concept of Time and also of the concepts of this world and the world after, reward and punishment, and of paradise and hell. In fact, in the interpretation of concepts of Existence, non-Existence, and the God-man relationship, Bedil\u2019s intellect occupies a far higher position. However, Ghalib\u2019s concept of Time, as constructed by Mumtaz Husain, invites attention, especially the \u2018revolutionary potentials\u2019 identified in it by him. If studied closely, we would find that Ghalib\u2019s phrases of Existential Unity\u200e\u2014&#8217;nothing exists except Allah\u2019\u200e\u2014and, \u2018nothing is effective except Allah\u2019, are not of his coinage but are concepts of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tasavvuf.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The concept of Time that Mumtaz Husain mentions as Ghalib\u2019s second revolutionary aspect is borrowed beyond doubt from \u2018Ain al-Quz\u0305at. However, the third aspect, mentioned by him of Ghalib\u2019s concept of Time and which describes Man as the centre of life, in a way, reflects the serial manifestation of God\u2019s Time (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Zam\u0305an-i Il\u0305ahi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and, as such, demands placing man within material Time. This position appears to be quite different from the position of \u2018nothing being existent and effective except Allah\u2019. However, this question has nothing to do with Ghalib whose concepts of God, man, and the universe do not provide room for any intellectual situation that is normally described as conflict, contradiction or disharmony. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">All thoughts, tendencies, prejudices and points of views are respectable citizens of Ghalib\u2019s poetic life and they, for their part, respect each other. This analysis of the concept of Time leads to an important aspect of Ghalib\u2019s intellectual concerns which is what Mumt\u0305az Husain has described as the first feature of Ghalib\u2019s concept of Time\u200e\u2014 Time is a process of continuous creation; and this has endowed Ghalib with a beautiful and dynamic instead of ossified concept of life.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"western\"><a name=\"_Toc20923273\"><\/a> The Value-system of Ghalib\u2019s Poetic Life<\/h1>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0654 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0650 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u063a\u0645\u06c1 \u0633\u0646\u062c<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk486426026\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0628\u0650 \u06af\u0644\u0634\u0646 \u0646\u0627 \u0622\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>h\u0305un garm\u0305i-yi nash\u0305at-i tasavvur se naghmah-sanj<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>main \u2018andal\u0305ib-i gulshan-i n\u0305a-\u0305afr\u0305idah h\u0305un<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{I am singing under the exuberance of the pleasure of thinking,; I am a nightingale of an uncreated garden.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Every creative artist or poet leads a dual life \u200e\u2014 a life of the given world and the world created by his imaginative self. In the world of his imagination he is the sole creator and destroyer. In mundane life, a poet goes through social and economic problems and experiences, ways of dealing with day-to-day problems with or without the help of any concepts, or pure romance in sentimental and emotional streams. Among thinkers with critical social attitudes, there are those whose concepts gradually develop into values of their poetic existence. It is such poetic values that serve as a constant in ever-changing human life. This same human creative intellect has maintained the illusion of treating time as real. While concepts have helped identify the three-fold Time of past, present and the future, values have been the cause of construction of continuity in this three-fold Time and in maintaining a dynamic relationship among them.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The poetic life is the world of imagination that enjoys an existence largely independent of the non-poetic universe and life\u200e\u2014free from all usual human, individual, and social attributes and relationships and all the theoretical and intellectual traditions governing them. This poetic life has its own logical-, emotional- and thought-character, and its own justification in a constant state of mutual interaction. This process, again, is totally free of non-poetic tests, authority and control. It is also not necessary that the poet\u2019s mundane life should be in any way related to his poetic life and amenable to the reader\u2019s understanding or feeling. The felt form of poetic life is derived from language and diction, i.e. symbols, metaphors and themes. The word is autonomous in itself but when it relates to symbols, metaphors and other words, there emerges a life, which I call poetic life. As we know, with a mere change in the angle of observation, both, identities and identifications of things, change. Therefore, examination of things from all sides may provide some idea of their nature if not their reality. In poetic life, \u2018knowledge\u2019 of a thing has no meaning in the sense we use this word. Meanings should not be looked at in a couplet in the sense we generally understand them. In poetic life, the meaning of the meaning becomes quite different, in a way that in order to have access to its \u201cmeaning\u201d one has to employ a synthesis of several tools of knowledge\u2014senses, observation, imagination, feeling\u200e\u2014 and the poet is capable of narrating the experiences of this life through the impediments of words and narration while the experience of the gnostic life of a Sufi is more absolute than the experiences of a poetic life and, therefore, beyond exposition. If sometimes the Sufi articulates his experience, words would not be able to convey it to those not familiar with such experiences. Phrases like \u201cI am the Truth\u201d or \u201cPraise be to my high status\u201d have never been meaningful for non-mystic readers. On the other hand, when experiences of a poetic life acquire the form of words, they manage to find some space in the readers\u2019 realm of literary appreciation. Every poet does not necessarily have a \u2018poetic life\u2019, as such. A \u2018poetic life\u2019 evolves in a poet when a poetic-logical relationship exists between abstract, spiritual, and intellectual realities and his own spiritual, intellectual, ethical, and emotional constructs. Poetic logic demands, unlike non-poetic logic, a paradigm of values. The evolution of poetic life is not possible without such a paradigm. Among the first-rank Urdu poets, apart from Ghalib, few appear to have poetic lives. Among these exceptions are Val\u0305i Aurang\u0305ab\u0305ad\u0305i (1667-1707), Sir\u0305aj Aurang\u0305ab\u0305adi (1715-1763), M\u0305\u0305ir Taq\u0305i M\u0305ir (1723-1810) and Iqb\u0305al (1877-1936).<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Every poetic life of a poet is different from those of other poets since they are different. Again, poetic life is quite different from the poet\u2019s everyday life (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hay\u0305at-i tab\u0305\u0305i \u2018\u0305\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Material factors, social environment, philosophical and cultural traditions, and customs, etc., are part of a poet\u2019s life but poetic life is totally a creation of the poet himself with its own time and space and concepts. Even its happiness and suffering may be different from those of physical life. The values elevate a \u2018good poet\u2019 to the level of \u2018eminent poet\u2019. Second, in Ghalib, the values are inter-related in a way that they can be felt as a value-system. Initially, the values in a poem may appear to a reader as quite unfamiliar concepts and he may accept or reject them. However, with familiarity grows greater cognizability, and the reader would find that they are not changeable concepts but actually eternal values and, therefore, their acceptance or rejection would not be like that of concepts. A poetic value essentially is an aesthetic value. Aesthetic value is free from any religious, intellectual, and social binding. As such, the \u2018appeal\u2019 of a Ghalib couplet would not be conditioned by its \u2018meanings\u2019.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535231585\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u06a9\u06cc\u06ba \u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u063a\u0641\u0644\u062a \u06c1\u06d2\u2018 \u0686\u06c1 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0686\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305af-i tamk\u0305in ghalat o naf\u2018-i \u2018ib\u0305adat ma\u2018l\u0305um<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>durd-i yak saghar-i ghaflat hai, che duny\u0305a o che d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Boasting of worldly positions is wrong and outcome of prayers nothing; the world and the faith, both are just imagination.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Religious and rational minds may not agree with the view contained in the couplet but they cannot resist the impact it makes on one\u2019s aesthetic sensibilities. Its value is the belief that the world and faith are no more than an illusion. This value appears repeatedly throughout Ghalib\u2019s poetic life.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Now, what are the poetic values of Ghalib\u2019s poetic life and is there any relationship among them that constitutes a system as such? A system of values is constituted around a specific central value through which it becomes empowered to shape, out of itself, its own unique intellectual and emotional attitudes vis-a-vis things, reality and happenings. For instance, the values of Iqbal\u2019s poetic life could be ego, love and passion, while the value of \u2018power\u2019 is the value connecting these values.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Every individual or society consists, normally, of a combination of some system of beliefs or norms of culture or a set of customs adopted consciously or unconsciously. However, when an individual or a society selects any set of beliefs or non-belief, some norms of a culture or customs or when any belief system, concept or custom becomes an inalienable part of the individual or society, it turns into a \u2018value system\u2019. For such an individual or a society, \u2018value\u2019 is neither \u2018good\u2019, \u2018bad\u2019, \u2018positive\u2019 nor \u2018negative\u2019. For instance, seeing God in an idol is a value for a Hindu. This \u2018value\u2019 would be found in his thinking and social attitudes. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Again, since selection of values in a social structure is selection by different individuals at a given time, there may be both common and conflicting value systems in a society. Tensions, conflicts, disharmony, or disorder in a society may well be due to distinctions and clashes in available values.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535231696\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u06ba \u0631\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0646\u06c1 \u0648\u0639\u0638 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u06ba \u06af\u0641\u062a \u0648\u0628\u06c1 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06ba \u06af\u0641\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>an r\u0305az kih dar s\u0305inah nih\u0305an ast nah va\u2018z ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bar d\u0305ar t\u0305u\u0305an guft o bah menber nah t\u0305u\u0305an guft<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The secret hidden in my heart is not a sermon;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it can be uttered on the Cross but not the pulpit (of a mosque).}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535232049\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The secret Ghalib can utter on the Cross but not the pulpit is one that is a value for him but may not be so for others. Ghalib has deduced this value from the conflict between the prohibitive regime of religion and the freedom of expression. This is a value of Ghalib\u2019s poetic life and not of his everyday life. The poetic creations of every poet are undoubtedly derived from their experiences of real life, but the act of converting these experiences into values of their poetics are not, as we already noted, found in many Urdu poets. Value-formation based on experiences is found only in Ghalib. On the one hand, in his letters, he has narrated his encounters with society, class, customs, morality, etiquette, religious beliefs and so on of the 19<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> century North India, and, on the other, has offered in his poetic life images of the values produced by such encounters. It appears from an examination of these experiences and the values derived that adaptability between the pattern of the poet\u2019s natural life with poetic values is not necessary\u200e\u2014 most probably because the poetic values flow from the poet\u2019s reaction to real-life experiences. Generally, themes like beauty, love, annihilation (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>fan\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), existence, and existential manifestation, are treated as concepts. However, it is to be noted that poetic values are quite different from intellect-related elements. Poetic values shape the poetic persona of a poet. We may even call them poetic beliefs. These are the values that also impact the readers\u200e\u2014love in M\u0305ir Taqi M\u0305ir or the ego in Iqbal. The process of transformation of the experiences and concepts into values of poetic life must have been very long and excruciating. An analysis of Ghalib\u2019s life and his poetry shows that his real-life experiences of economic deprivations had became a curse and played havoc with his emotional and intellectual personality. His letters are harrowing tales and moving portrayals till his last days of seeking restoration of his pension by the British dispensation, borrowing from moneylenders, disposing of his royal robes, etc. Any other person would have been undermined by these adversities, but his intellect (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>and\u0305ishah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) saved him from total emotional disaster by examining the material and metaphysical causes of that situation. (Nineteenth-century Muslim society was used to understanding and explaining life along these lines.)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535232127\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">His poetic life shows that his intellectualism had always kept company with poetic intuition. The involvement of intellect with his pain (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gham<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) produced a feeling identified as \u2018bewilderment\u201d (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>taha\u0305iyyur). Taha\u0305iyyur<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is a state that rises directly from inability to understand a phenomenon. Human senses can refuse to understand phenomena but their real nature remains out of certain minds. That is, \u2018bewilderment\u2019 is a state produced by a conflict between phenomena and their non-comprehension by the human mind. This state of bewilderment is individual-centred\u200e\u2014certain phenomena may have many meanings for someone while being meaningless for others. Bewilderment may lead to skepticism as well. Ghalib has passed through both these states.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u2018 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0688 \u0628\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u06be \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u0646\u06d2\u2018 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>nah th\u0305a kuch to Khud\u0305a th\u0305a, kuch nah hot\u0305a to Khud\u0305a hot\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>duboy\u0305a mujh ko hone ne , nah hot\u0305a main to ty\u0305a hot\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{When there was nothing, only God existed, had there been nothing, God would have existed; my being ruined me, had I been non-being, what would I have been!}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535232250\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0628 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u062c\u06be \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535232303\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u06be\u0631 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06be\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u06d2 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>jab kih tujh bin nah\u0305in ko\u0305i mauj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>phir ye hhang\u0305amah ai Khud\u0305a! ky\u0305a hai?<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{When there is none except you, then what is this tumult above?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535232392\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u0635\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06c2 \u0631\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u06be \u0633\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0654 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06c2 \u062d\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u0645\u062c\u06be \u0633\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>gardish-i s\u0305aghar-i sad jalvah-yi rang\u0305in tujh se<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>a\u2019\u0305inahd\u0305ari-yi yak d\u0305idah-yi hair\u0305an mujh se<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{You turn around phenomena; I, bewildered, hold the mirror.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib describes impact of skepticism like this:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u2018 \u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u06c1\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535232463\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u06af\u06c1\u06cc \u06af\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u2018 \u063a\u0641\u0644\u062a \u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06c1\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>apn\u0305i hast\u0305i hi se ho jo kuch ho<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>agah\u0305i gar nah\u0305i, ghaflat hi sah\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{One\u2019s being makes whatever one is, be it enlightenment or forgetfulness.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06be\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>h\u0305<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>an, kh\u0305a\u2019\u0305iyyo mat fareb-i hasti<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>harchand ka\u0305he\u0305n keh hai, nah\u0305in hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Beware! Do not be deceived by existence;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">howsoever you may say that it exists, it does not.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535232575\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0632 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u06be\u06d2 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535232618\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0632 \u0648\u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u06d2 \u0622\u06af\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>juz n\u0305am nah\u0305in s\u0305urat-i \u2018\u0305alam muhje manz\u0305ur<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>juz vahm nah\u0305in hast\u0305i-yi ashy\u0305a mere \u0305age<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{The form of the world is nothing except name; existence of things is, for me, only an illusion.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u06d2 \u062a\u062a\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u2018 \u0622\u0633\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u0646\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u06ba \u0632\u062f\u2018 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>d\u0305ud-i saud\u0305a-yi tataq bast, <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>\u0305asm\u0305an n\u0305am\u0305idamash<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>didah bar khv\u0305ab-i parish\u0305an zad, jah\u0305an n\u0305am\u0305idamash<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{An illusory smoke rose and became a canopy that we called the sky, our eyes saw a wild dream and we named it the world.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u06c1\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u06d2 \u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0634\u0645\u0645\u2018 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0627\u06ba \u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0642\u0637\u0631\u06c2 \u0628\u06af\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u2018 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u0646\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>vahm-i kh\u0305ake r\u0305ikht dar chashm, biy\u0305ab\u0305an d\u0305idamash<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>qatrah-yi ba-gud\u0305akht, bahr-i bekar\u0305an n\u0305am\u0305idamash<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Illusion threw dirt in my eyes and conjured a forest; a drop melted and we called it the sea.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0632\u062f \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u062a\u0634\u2018 \u0646\u0648 \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0627\u063a \u06af\u0633\u062a \u0622\u06ba \u0634\u0639\u0644\u06c1 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u2018 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u06ba \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>b\u0305ad d\u0305aman zad bar \u0305atish, nau bah\u0305ar\u0305an khv\u0305andamash<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305agh gast \u0305an sh \u2018lah az mast\u0305i, khiz\u0305an n\u0305am\u0305idamash<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535233019\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The wind produced a fire and spring appeared as spring and the stain made by the fire was called autumn.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535233066\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u063a\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u2018 \u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u062d\u0644\u0642\u06c2 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u2018 \u0622\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ghurbatam n\u0305as\u0305azg\u0305ar \u0305amad, vatan fahm\u0305idamash<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>kard tang\u0305i halqah-yi d\u0305am, \u0305ashiy\u0305an n\u0305am\u0305idamash<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{My exile did not suit me, I named it motherland; when the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">net became narrow, we called it a nest.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535233127\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0648\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u06c1\u0631 \u0686\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0645\u062f \u06af\u0632\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0639\u0628\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u2018 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u067e\u0627\u06d2 \u0631\u06c1\u0631\u0648\u0627\u06ba \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dar sul\u0305uk az harcheh paish \u0305amad guzashtan dashtam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ka\u2018bah d\u0305idam, naqsh-i p\u0305ae rahrav\u0305an n\u0305am\u0305idamash<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Whatever happened to us on the Sufi path, we ignored it and proceeded forward. When we saw the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Ka\u2018bah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, we called it a footprint of wayfarers.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">These couplets convey intensely that the essence of reality-in-itself is out of our comprehension and it is we who, on our own, have accorded them identities.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Bewilderment includes skepticism. Existence does not exist but its names exist as suggested by our skepticism. Ghalib, as pointed out above, did not linger any longer; his intellectualism always remained close to his intuition and restrained bewilderment from converting into skepticism. The intellectualism opened a new landscape of values through the central value of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (desire).<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is the product of bewilderment. Integrating feelings, emotions and rational faculties, it gives it a particular direction, a dynamism in time and space. Ghalib adopted and treated it as a material and spiritual value. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, also appears to be the central value in his poetic life, with several other values in its orbit. The passage from <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>taha\u0305iyyur<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> was not without impediment. He not only doubted the reality of the existence of \u2018the other than himself\u2019; at the same time, he remained in a constant state of discovery of himself and of \u2018the other\u2019. For him doubting does not mean a total rejection of existence, since doubting requires \u2018the thing doubted\u2019. If there is nothing, then the question of doubting does not arise. Earlier, Ghazali of the 11<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> century and Descartes of the seventeenth said the same thing. The difference is that while doubt led Ghazali and Descartes to affirmation of existence, it drew Ghalib into bewilderment as well, thus highlighting the difference between the realms of philosophy, on the one hand, and the arts and literature, on the other. Doubt about the existence of his own self, about \u2018the other than himself\u2019 and, especially, about the existence of Necessary Being dragged him to the point of bewilderment. The difference between skepticism and bewilderment is that the former is negative while the latter is positive and with positive possibilities. That is, although both doubt and bewilderment are static in nature, Ghalib did not allow bewilderment to remain static and it was handed over to desire (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) for exploring ways of exposition of its positive potentials. Desire is capable of providing justification for the existence of one\u2019s own self as well as that of \u2018the other\u2019 and of distinguishing the one from the other. Not only this, desire can also guarantee its spiritual integrity amidst the sufferings of material life.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib is one of those poets who are conscious of their art and are not conditioned to spontaneous expression of their thought or emotions. Emotions are spontaneous but their artistic expression may be conscious or unconscious. It is quite possible that a conscious process may produce artificial poetic forms; however, if a poet has an intellectual dimension and possesses a powerful instinct of self-examination, then it may help shape beautiful and enduring poetic creations as was the case with Ghalib and Iqbal who did not convert the spontaneous product of emotions into poetic expression but examined them intellectually. Ghalib, more than Iqbal, adopted those elements of life which were resistant to changes in time and, therefore, were more equipped for harmony with human emotional and intellectual longings. In other words, Ghalib had a powerful urge to feel and understand life, an urge that he identified as <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (strong desire). It is this <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> to feel and understand life that led to the shaping of an intellectual and conscious framework pushing him into the wilderness of man and the universe. Sometimes he took refuge in religion and sometimes in mysticism; sometimes he considered love (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ishq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) as the axis of life and took intellect as an excuse for life, but in certain moments every value became for him meaningless. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u06a9\u06cc\u06ba \u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u063a\u0641\u0644\u062a \u06c1\u06d2\u2018 \u0686\u06c1 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0686\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305af-i tamk\u0305in ghalat o naf \u2018-i \u2018ib\u0305adat ma\u2018l\u0305um<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535233251\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>durd-i yak s\u0305aghar-i ghaflat hai, che duny\u0305a o che d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Boasting of worldly posssesions is wrong and, on the other hand, outcome of prayers nothing; the world and the faith are both just a peg of forgetfulness.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">While Ghalib did use the framework of Sufism, he did not limit his being to this framework. His framework was flexible enough to accommodate the Zoroastrian and Vedantic points of view as well. It is difficult to say with any certainty that he had direct access to any non-Islamic sources. It might have been through Sufism. It is to be noted that he did not accept all concepts of different traditions just for the sake of poetic requirements; he took a different way. His curiosity is not satisfied and he doubts their validity and, sometimes, rejects them outright.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0632\u0645 \u0650 \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u06c1 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">&#8216; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0633\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u0634\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>bazm-i hasti voh tam\u0305asha hai kih jis ko ham, Asad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>dekhte hain chashm az khav\u0305ab-i \u2018adam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>nakushadah se<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Life is a phenomenon that we see through an eye that has not opened from the dream of non-existence.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06be\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0650 \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2\u2018 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>h\u0305an kh\u0305a\u2019\u0305\u0305iyyo mat fareb-i hasti<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>harchand kahen kih hai, nah\u0305in hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Do not be deceived by the deception of existence;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">you may insist that it is, but it is not.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632 \u0648\u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u06c2 \u0648\u0631\u0646\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535233340\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0686\u0648\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u06c1\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ze vahm, naqsh-i khay\u0305ali kash\u0305idah-yi, varnah<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>vuj\u0305ud-i khalq ch\u0305u \u2018anq\u0305a ba-dahr n\u0305ay\u0305ab ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{The world is only a creation of illusion, otherwise there is no existence like the bird <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>\u2018anqa<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> which is never seen.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0622\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627 \u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>hast\u0305i ke mat fareb men \u0305aj\u0305a\u2019\u0305iyyo, Asad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>alam tam\u0305am halqah-yi d\u0305am-i khay\u0305al hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535233493\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Here, he has described being (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hast\u0305i)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> as deception (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>fareb<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), a spiral net of Imagination (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>halqah-yi d\u0305am-i khay\u0305al)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, illusion (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vahm<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), an impression of imagination (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>naqsh-i khay\u0305ali<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), and turmoil of imagination (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mahshar-i khay\u0305al<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">While doing so, he seems to admit to the existence of these illusions, although temporary, after breaking of which truth and its essence are revealed. He has used this especially with regard to the concept of Existential Unity, highlighting the illusion of existence against the Absolute Truth.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06c1\u0631 \u062c\u0632 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06c2 \u06cc\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535233621\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535233565\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>dahr juz jalvah-yi yakta\u0305iy-yi ma\u2018sh\u0305uq nah\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ham kah\u0305an hote agar husn nah hot\u0305a khudb\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">(Existence is nothing except illumination of the beloved\u2019s uniqueness.; We exist by virtue of beauty being desirous of seeing itself.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For Ghalib, only the Creator of the Universe is the Absolute Being and any other existence is mere illusion. He appears to be following the concept derived from <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tasavvuf<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in the tradition of Persian and Urdu poetry. However, he does not stop there; he examines it from the point of view of Existential Unity, regards existence as an illusion and doubts its validity.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535233674\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0628 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u062c\u06be \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u06be\u0631 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06c1 \u0627\u06d2 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>jab kih tujh bin nahin ko\u0305i mauj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>phir yeh hang\u0305amah aiy Khud\u0305a ky\u0305a hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{If nothing exists except you, then what is this tumult all around, O God?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This indicates that Ghalib, in spite of holding existence to be an illusion, does not find himself in a position to accept the validity of the reality of material phenomena. By recognizing the phenomena of life as \u201creal illusion\u201d, he has, in his thought-system, strengthened the foundations of a system of movement. For him, the reality or non-reality of phenomena are of such robust quality that he, refuses to even regard \u2018being\u2019 as \u2018non-being\u2019.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535233735\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u061f \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535233780\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u062c\u06be \u06a9\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>num\u0305ud-i \u2018\u0305alam-i asb\u0305ab ky\u0305a hai? lufz-i be-ma\u2018n\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>kih hast\u0305i k\u0305i tarah mujh ko \u2018adam men bhi ta\u2019mmul hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{The phenomenon of the world is an empty word, I believe neither in existence nor in non-existence.)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In this way, in accordance with the \u2018real illusion\u2019 of existents, Ghalib liberates himself from the compulsions of all theories and offers a quite different interpretation. The question he poses is: How to deal with this real illusion?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648 \u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u06c1\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u06af\u06c1\u06cc \u06af\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u2018 \u063a\u0641\u0644\u062a \u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06c1\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>apn\u0305i hast\u0305i hi se ho jo kuch ho<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>agah\u0305i gar nah\u0305i, ghaflat h\u0305i sah\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Whatever has to happen, it would be by one\u2019s own self, be it enlightenment or forgetfulness.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This is an emphatic emphasis on human existence in comparison with the real illusion of the universe. That is, man and human intellect have full powers to engage with the illusion of reality. By recognizing human intelligence as different from the universe, Ghalib has enabled man to accommodate knowledge with absence of ignorance. Thus, he places man at the centre of the universe and wants to begin the voyage of the universe. I think this is the aspect of his intellect that determines his individuality. Ghalib intellectually and metaphysically identifies life as an illusion, He treats this illusion on material and spiritual levels as real and then proposes ways to deal with such a life. It appears that this fundamental assumption of illusion has helped him treat life as a \u2018real illusion\u2019 and taught him the ways of dealing with it. Now, let us see what human life looks like in this \u2018real illusion\u2019. We have seen that sources of Ghalib\u2019s thought cannot be found in any existing philosophy or school of thought. So, the only source available is human life as apprehended through his faculties of observation and experience. Let us see to what extent his observations and experiences have helped build up an idea of life and its vital elements. A cursory glance at his life shows that it was a narrative of unfulfilled desires. But, then, what an artist feels or thinks in his artistic world does not necessarily have to have any logical relationship with his real life. Moreover, what he has received from his view of and experiences in life is more poetic, and less logical and social. In other words, he did not think or feel as a Sufi, philosopher, a rational being or a prophet but as a free human being. Out of the observations and experiences of his temporal life, he derived certain poetic values. Some of them are as follows:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Movement<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">His values, collectively, indicate movement in certain specific directions. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u06a9\u0634 \u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c \u0622\u0628 \u06a9\u0648\u2018 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kash\u0305akash-h\u0305ae has\u0305ti se kare ky\u0305a sa\u2018\u0305i-yi \u0305az\u0305ad\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>huv\u0305i zanj\u0305ir mauj-\u0305i \u0305ab ko fursat rav\u0305ani k\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{How should one try to gain freedom from the struggles of life, whereas the permission to flow became a chain for the wave of water?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Movement as a fact and as a compulsive force serves as a means for dealing with the complexities of the \u2018real illusion of life\u2019.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Tamann\u0305a<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b> or<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>\u0305 Arz\u0305<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i><b>u \/<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><i><b>\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627 <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>&#8216; <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><i><b>\u0622 \u0631\u0632\u0648<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(a strong, instinctive and constant state of longing, desire)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535237144\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is the only means for dealing with this real illusion. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, for Ghalib, is the principle of movement. A major portion of Ghalib\u2019s poetry consists of representations, interpretations, and expressions of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. It integrates different emotional and mental features into an individual\u2019s personality and enables one to deal with the ups and downs of life. It persuades him into involvement and participation in the phenomena of the universe. Sometimes, as love, it tends to dissolve distinctions between the sacred and the profane. Second, this <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is self-existent and resists all possibilities of its fulfilment, since fulfilment is the death of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Ghalib does not want to encounter its death: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0650 \u0622\u0631\u0632\u0648 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u0646\u0686<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u2018 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u0646\u0686<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>nafas nah anjuman-i \u0305arz\u0305u se b\u0305ahar kh\u0305inch<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>agar shar\u0305ab nah\u0305in, intez\u0305ar-i s\u0305aghar kh\u0305inch<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Do not go out of gathering of Desire, if there is no wine, wait for the wine-cup.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0650 \u0646\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u06af \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u06c1\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>h\u0305un main bhi tam\u0305ash\u0305a\u0305i-yi nairang-i tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>matlab nah\u0305in kuch is se keh matlab h\u0305i bar \u0305avey<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{I am also an onlooker of various facets of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> and do not care if I get at all what I want.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u062a \u06af\u0646\u0648\u0627\u2018 \u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u06c1 \u0633\u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06c1\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535237248\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u06d2 \u0628\u06d2 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dil mat ganv\u0305a, khabar nah sah\u0305i sair h\u0305i sah\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>aiy be-dim\u0305agh! \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah tams\u0305ald\u0305ar hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Do not lose heart. If not knowledge, let it be a stroll,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">this mirror (heart) is of multiple images.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The frontiers of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> co-exist with those of despair and despondency. Ghalib is aware of that:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0633 \u06c1\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06af\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u06c1 \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u06a9 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0639\u06cc\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>bas huj\u0305um-in\u0305a-\u2018um\u0305id\u0305i kh\u0305ak men mil j\u0305a\u2019ig\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>yeh jo ek lazzat ham\u0305ari sa\u2018i-yi l\u0305a-h\u0305asil men hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Stop! O multitude of disappointments! You will destroy the pleasure that is there in our futile efforts.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u06af \u06a9\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0644 \u0622\u0632\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0631\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u06a9 \u0635\u06cc\u062f\u0650 \u0632\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u0648\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khay\u0305al-i marg kab task\u0305in dil-i \u0305azurdah ko bakhshe<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mere d\u0305am-i tamann\u0305a men hai ek said-i zub\u0305un voh bh\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The thought of death does not render satisfaction to my sad heart; it too, is a helpless prisoner of my net of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">But <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> rescues him from despair going through which he may have a new birth.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062e\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0646\u062c\u0650 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0641 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u06c1\u062f \u062a\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0650 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>nah l\u0305a\u2019\u0305i sh\u0305ukhi-yi and\u0305ishah t\u0305ab-i ranj-i naum\u0305id\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>kaf-i afsos maln\u0305a \u2018ahd-i tajd\u0305id-i tamann\u0305a hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{My intellect could not bear the pain of disappointments. Feeling sorry is, in a way, a commitment to renewal of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib goes through all moments of despair and disappointments and narrates them. However, in these narratives he manages to discern some or the other positive aspect of himself:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0650 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u06c1\u0631 \u0622\u0631\u0632\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0648\u0691\u0627 \u062c\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u06be\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ab main h\u0305un aur m\u0305atam-i yak shahr-i \u0305arz\u0305u<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tora jo t\u0305u ne \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah, tims\u0305al-d\u0305ar th\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Now, it is me and my lamentation for a whole city of desire; the mirror that you have broken was multi-image.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062d\u0633\u0631\u062a\u2018 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u0648\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0631\u0632\u0648 \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0650 \u0622\u0631\u0632\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u06be\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tab \u2018hai musht\u0305aq-I lazzat-ha-yi hasrat, ky\u0305a kar\u0305un<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>arz\u0305u se hai shikasht-i \u0305arz\u0305u matlab mujhe<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{I am helpless. My nature likes taking pleasure in unfulfilled hopes; by desire (in fact) I mean destruction of desire.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In such situations, sometimes, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> develops into despair but resists its hopelessness:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u06be\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u06c1 \u062c\u0648 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2 \u06c1\u0645 \u0627\u06a9 \u062d\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0650 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u2018 \u0633\u0648 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ghar men ky\u0305a th\u0305a keh ter\u0305a gham use gh\u0305arat kart\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>vo jo rakhte the ham ek hasrat-i ta\u2018m\u0305ir so hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><b>{<\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">What was there in the house which could be ruined by your pain (pain caused by my love for you), except the unfulfilled yearning for rebuilding (the house) which is still there.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0631\u063a \u0650\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535238034\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0631\u06d2 \u0642\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u062e\u0633 \u0622\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0626\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>mis\u0305al yeh meri koshish ki hai keh murgh-i as\u0305ir<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>kare qafas men far\u0305aham khas \u0305ashiy\u0305an ke lie<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{My efforts are like a caged bird trying to collect straws for building a nest in the cage.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Along with despair, a longing for recovery and a desire for shaping a nest in the cage persists. As pointed out earlier, his human concept of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> has a metaphysical dimension, as well.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u0634\u062a \u0627\u0650\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u067e\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>hai kah\u0305an tamann\u0305a k\u0305a d\u0305usr\u0305a qadam, y\u0305a Rab!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ham ne dasht-i imk\u0305an ko aik naqsh-i p\u0305a p\u0305ay\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Where is the next step of tamann\u0305a, O God! We found the desert of the possible (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>dasht-i imk\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">) as a footprint.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The question is whose <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> it is\u200e\u2014of man, of God or of himself. Such a thought appears quite strange but not for Ghalib. On an occasion, he puts it explicitly:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u067e\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062f\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0632\u062f\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06c1\u0621 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06af\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0632\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535238229\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0634 \u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0634 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ze r\u0305az-i nih\u0305an pardah-e barzadah<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ze z\u0305at-i Khud\u0305a munjari sarzadah<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tamann\u0305a-yi d\u0305ir\u0305inah-yi kirdg\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ba-vai \u0305izad az khv\u0305ish umm\u0305idv\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>jam\u0305alash dil-afroz-i r\u0305uh\u0305anian<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>khay\u0305alash nazar-soz-i Y\u0305un\u0305ani\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{There is a secret, but it is now an open secret. A stream has emerged out of God. It is <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of God\u2014God is seeking Himself from Himself. His beauty is enlightening for the spiritualists and his image, thought (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khay\u0305al<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) anti-rational for the Greeks.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The concept of Existential Unity determines the existence of the Universe as an outcome of God\u2019s desire to see Himself and becomes related to the same God\u2019s<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Hence, it would not be wrong to conclude that the concept of Existential Unity became acceptable to Ghalib in relation to the concept of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535238326\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Concept of Love <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u0639\u0634\u0642 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>\/\/<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b> \u2018ishq<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib\u2019s love is another form of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> which seems to be imprisoned in some face or image of the beloved. Like <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> his love too goes beyond an individuality and transforms itself into a vast universality or existentiality:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0642 \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0639\u0634\u0642\u0650 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u06d2 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0642 \u062e\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>raonaq-i hasti hai \u2018ishq-i kh\u0305anah-vir\u0305an-s\u0305az se<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>anjuman be-sham\u2018 hai gar barq khirman men nahin<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{That is, all life in the world is due to love\u200e\u2014the destroyer of homes.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The emphasis is on the splendour of life and not on destructive <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ishq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. He likes both but is aware that they cannot exist together. As a realist, he accepts compulsions of their togetherness. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u0631\u0627\u067e\u0627 \u0631\u06c1\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0642 \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535238435\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>sar\u0305ap\u0305a rahn-i \u2018ishq o n\u0305aguzer-i ulfat-i hast\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ib\u0305adat barq k\u0305i kart\u0305a h\u0305un aur afsos h\u0305asil k\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{I am fully immersed in the world and its destroyer\u200e\u2014 love.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If this is so, then what is the meaning of love in Ghalib? He does not believe in self-annihilation in his beloved, whether real or allegorical. It would be more correct to argue that his concept of movement does not allow his emotion to overpower his intellect. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018Ishq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, like <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, is a sentiment independent of any temptations of gains and the beloved is simply a beauty that is a value in-itself. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535238503\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u2018 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a\u2018 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u2018 \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0650 \u0686\u0645\u0646 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>nah\u0305in nig\u0305ar ko ulfat, nah ho, nig\u0305ar to hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>rav\u0305ani-yi ravish o masti-yi ad\u0305a kahiyye<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>nah\u0305in bah\u0305ar ko fursat, nah ho, bah\u0305ar to hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tar\u0305avat-i chaman o kh\u0305ubi-yi hav\u0305a kahiyye<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{The beloved does not love me but the beloved nevertheless is there. Likewise, the freshness of garden and good air is there even if the spring is not there.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">And, as in the case of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, the outcome would be disappointment:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0646\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0632 \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0631\u0632\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u06c1 \u062f\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06c1\u2018 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u2018 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u0628\u0650 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u06be\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>h\u0305asil-i ulfat nah dekh\u0305a juz shikasht-i \u0305arz\u0305u<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>dil bah dil paivastah goy\u0305a yak lab-i afsos th\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{The outcome of love is nothing but the end of desire.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u062d\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u062f\u06c2 \u0628\u0632\u0645 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648\u06ba \u0634\u0645\u0639<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0634\u0639\u0644\u06c1\u0621 \u0639\u0634\u0642 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ham ne vahshat-kadah-yi bazm-I jah\u0305an men j\u0305un sham \u2018<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sho\u2018lah-yi \u2018ishq ko apn\u0305a sar o s\u0305am\u0305an samjh\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{In this mad world, we considered the flame of lamp as<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">our wherewithal.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Traditional treatment of themes of love is also found in Ghalib, but these couplets do not represent Ghalib\u2019s concept of love. He has himself discounted such a concept of love:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u0634 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0634 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535238733\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062a\u0650 \u0628\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u062f \u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535238628\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>khv\u0305ahish ko ahmaqon ne parstish diy\u0305a qar\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ky\u0305a p\u0305ujt\u0305a h\u0305un us but-i bed\u0305ad-gar ko main<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Only fools regarded my longing for my beloved as her worship.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Hlk535238806\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Vafa <\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\/ <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u0648\u0641\u0627<\/span><\/span><b> <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>\/ fidelity:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In love, more than any gain, as such, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vaf\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (fidelity) is crucial. The concept of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vaf\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, like love, is closely linked to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. It, more than human values and human relations, plays a foundational role. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535238942\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0631\u06d2 \u0628\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u0639\u0628\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u0627\u0691\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u06c1\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>vaf\u0305ad\u0305ari ba-shart-i ustv\u0305ar\u0305i asl-i \u0305im\u0305an hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>mare but-kh\u0305ane men to Ka\u2018be men g\u0305aro Brahman ko<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Fidelity with steadfastness is the essence of faith; bury the Barhaman in the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Ka\u2018bah <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">if he dies in a temple.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0633\u0628\u062d\u06c1 \u0648 \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u06be\u0646\u062f\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u06cc\u062e \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u06c1\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah\u0305in kuch sabhah o zunn\u0305ar ke phande men g\u0305ir\u0305a\u2019\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vaf\u0305ad\u0305ari men Shaikh o Barhaman ki \u0305azm\u0305a\u2019ish hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535238998\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The net of rosary or the Brahamanic sacred thread do not have any binding force. The real test of the Shaikh and the Brahman rests in their fidelity <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> (vaf\u0305ad\u0305ar\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c2 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535239089\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0634\u06d2 \u06c1\u06d2\u067e\u0646\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dair v haram \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah-yi takr\u0305ar-i tamann\u0305a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">v\u0305am\u0305andagi-yi shauq tar\u0305ashe hai pan\u0305ahen<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535239192\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The mosque and the temple are mirror-images reflecting repetition of desire. These are places of refuge created by the fatigue of human yearning.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535239265\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0627 \u0631\u06c1\u06d2 \u0646\u06c1 \u0645\u0626\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0628\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u06af<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0648\u0632\u062e \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0688\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631 \u0628\u06c1\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">t\u0305a\u2018at men t\u0305a rahe nah mai o angb\u0305in ki l\u0305ag<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dozakh men d\u0305al do ko\u0305i lekar behisht ko<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{In order that no temptation for wine and honey is attached in obedience to God, put paradise into hell.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06c1 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0648\u0632\u062d \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">&#8216; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u0648\u0691\u06cc \u0633\u06cc \u0641\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06c1\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ky\u0305un nah firdos men dozakh ko mil\u0305alen, Y\u0305a Rab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>sair ke v\u0305aste thori s\u0305i faz\u0305a aur sah\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{O God! Why not put paradise into hell and provide some<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">more space for taking a walk?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535239473\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0632\u06c1\u062f \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535239374\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535239421\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0645\u0639\u0650 \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ky\u0305a zuhd ko m\u0305an\u0305un keh nah ho garcheh riy\u0305ayi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>p\u0305ad\u0305ash-i \u2018amal ki tam\u2018-yi kh\u0305am bahot hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{I do not believe in the giving up of worldly pleasures. It<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">reeks of greed (by the ascetics) for rewards for one\u2019s acts.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0646\u062a \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0686\u0627\u0631\u06c2 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0650\u0644<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06c2 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>jannat nah kunad ch\u0305arah-yi afsurdag\u0305i-yi dil<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ta\u2018m\u0305ir bah and\u0305azah-yi v\u0305ir\u0305an\u0305i-yi m\u0305a n\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Paradise is not a cure for sadness of heart; the build-up is not in proportion to our desolation.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ignoring crime and punishment, regarding religion as a refuge of the fatigue of passion, and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vaf\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> as the basis of all relationships, Ghalib points out that he always had full faith in the never-ending quest and unfulfilled desires\u2014a faith that, in spite of regarding life as a \u2018real illusion\u2019, guarantees the position of human existence. Again, this is not a faith of a philosopher but of one who has exerienceed ups and downs like other people, loved and remained faithful and who, through the instinct of never-ending desire, saved his intellectual and spiritual personality from disintegrating. Thus, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is the creator of his poetic life. He used <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and \u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>arz\u0305u<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in the same meaning with the difference that while <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u0305arz\u0305u<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is directed to mundane objectives, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">covers, beyond the felt world, metaphysical realms as well.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib treats <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">as free from all bonds of cause and effect. Redefinitions change the normal meanings of reason, intellect, love, ethics, temple and mosque, paradise and hell, and crime and punishment. These are perceptions articulated by man in a specific linguistic register. Poetic life being different from material life, the meanings of words as used in everyday life become quite different. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> tends to narrate meanings of perceptions and thoughts in its own way. This attribute gives <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> an independent character. Passing beyond natural phenomena, it ventures into perception of the Essence and even of experiencing the Essence itself. Its attribute of \u2018movement\u2019 or dynamism is derived from its freedom. All these interpretations are not being imposed from outside but have been deduced from Ghalib\u2019s poetics and poetic life.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535239777\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the values of Ghalib\u2019s poetics, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> functions as a value-making value. It has selected all values of his poetic life. In order to identify these values, let us look at the couplets that state the form and nature of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. If we do so, we will find that the dynamism of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is a reflection of his own failings and deprivations. When <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> gets satisfied, it dies. Ghalib has no final destination in his poetic life. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> takes him from one place to another and each place dissatisfies him. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0626\u0646\u062f\u06c1 \u0648\u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u06c1 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627 \u0634\u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>a\u2019\u0305indah o guzashtah tamann\u0305a o hasrat ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>yak k\u0305ashke bavad kih basad j\u0305a navishtah aim<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Tomorrow and yesterday are desire (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">) and unfulfilled desires; only the word \u2018alas\u2019 we have written in hundreds of places.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535239930\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631\u06c1\u06cc\u0686 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u06c1\u2018 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535239873\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0641\u0631\u06c1\u0646\u06af \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06c1 \u06c1\u0627\u06d2 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>dar haich nuskhah ma\u2018n\u0305i-yi lafz-i \u0305um\u0305id n\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>farhang-namah-h\u0305ai tamann\u0305a navishtah aim<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535239987\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{We have compiled dictionaries of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> but the meanings of the word \u2018<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>umm\u0305id\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (hope) are not given.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> always remains unfulfilled and without hope.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u067e\u06c1 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u06d2 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0634\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u0650 \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u06c1\u06cc\u0686<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>kis b\u0305at pah maghr\u0305ur hai aiy \u2018ijz-i tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>s\u0305am\u0305an-I du\u2018\u0305a vahshat o t\u0305as\u0305ir-I du\u2018\u0305a haich<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{There is nothing for <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> to be proud of as it neither suggests ways of praying nor indications of its efficacy.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u06d2 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06c1 \u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u06c1\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u06ba \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>y\u0305a tamann\u0305a-yi man az khuld-i bar\u0305in nah guzashte<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>y\u0305a khud \u0305umm\u0305id-gahe darkh\u0305ur-i \u0305an m\u0305i b\u0305ayaist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535240090\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Either my <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> should not have passed beyond paradise or there should have been a place for hope equalling my <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tamann\u0305a <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">in status.} <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535240158\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u0627 \u0634\u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u067e\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>manzar ek buland\u0305i par aur ham ban\u0305a sakte<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>arsh se udhar hot\u0305a k\u0305ashke mak\u0305an apn\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{We could have raised another spectacle on a higher plane had we had a home on the other side of the Throne of God!}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He describes his existence as <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2019s world of bewilderment.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is also a \u201cspell of waiting\u201d.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u06be\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u06af\u0648\u0634 \u0650 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u2018 \u0627\u06d2\u062e\u062f\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535240272\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631\u2018 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0633\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ph\u0305unk\u0305a hai kis ne gosh-i muhabbat men aiy Khud\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>afs\u0305un-i intez\u0305ar, tamann\u0305a kahen jise<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Love means waiting for the beloved, that is, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u06af \u06a9\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0644\u0650 \u0622\u0632\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535240357\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0631\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u06a9 \u0635\u06cc\u062f \u0632\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u0648\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khay\u0305al-i marg kab task\u0305in dil-i \u0305azurdah ko bakhshe<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mere d\u0305am-i tamann\u0305a men hai ek said-i zubun vo bhi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The thought of death is unable to comfort my ailing heart; death is, also, a prey in my net of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is also charged with intellect, another value created by<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in Ghalib\u2019s poetic life.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535240483\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1 \u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062e\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1\u2018 \u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0646\u062c \u0646\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0641 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627\u2018 \u0639\u06c1\u062f \u062a\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah l\u0305a\u2019\u0305i shukhiy-yi and\u0305ishah t\u0305ab-i ranj-i naum\u0305id\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaf-i afsos maln\u0305a \u2018ahd-i tajd\u0305id-i tamann\u0305a hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Intellect is not cowed by hopelessness; to feel sorry is a vow for renewal of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Thinking (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>and\u0305ishah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and intellectualism (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ta\u2018aqqul<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) do not admit of any sense of despondency. He interprets unfulfillment of desires as a commitment to renewal of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a. <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This liberation from despondency also liberates him from the compulsion of moving towards any fixed destination and he, making <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> as his \u2018other\u2019, becomes its observer. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535240541\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u06af \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u06c1\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>h\u0305un main bhi tam\u0305ash\u0305a\u2019i-yi nairang-i tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>matlab nah\u0305in kuch is se kih matlab hi bar \u0305ave<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{I am also an observer of the multifaceted phenomena of life. I do not mean to get something from them.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535240686\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535240824\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tam\u0305ashah <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is a term selected by Ghalib that constitutes his non-commitment to phenomena.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062d\u0633\u062f \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0644 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u2018 \u06af\u0631\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u06c1\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06c1 \u0686\u0634\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u06af \u0634\u0627\u0626\u062f \u06a9\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u0627 \u06c1\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>hasad se dil agar afsurdah ho, garm-i tam\u0305ashah ho<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>keh chashm-i tang sh\u0305a\u2019yad kasrat- nazz\u0305arah se v\u0305a ho<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{If jealousy has made you sad, start looking at the phenomena of life; maybe the multiplicity of vistas will address your shortsightedness.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u06af\u0650 \u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u06a9 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0627\u06d2 \u0646\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u06af \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u2018 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>nah\u0305in gar sarobarg-i idr\u0305ak-I ma\u2018n\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>tam\u0305ash\u0305ae nairang-s\u0305urat sal\u0305amat<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{If means of understanding meanings are not available, the phenomena of life are there for appreciation.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tam\u0305ashah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> acquires the status of a value not as an act of observation only but as a confident attitude of enjoying the variety of natural phenomena and keeping <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> alive.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u0632\u0648 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u0646\u0686<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u2018 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u0646\u0686<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nafas nah anj\u0305uman-i \u0305arz\u0305u se b\u0305ahar kh\u0305inch<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">agar shar\u0305ab nah\u0305in, intez\u0305ar-i s\u0305aghar kh\u0305inch<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Do not give up desire, always wait for the outcome.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535241095\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Let us consider some areas of Ghalib\u2019s poetic life:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0698\u062f\u06c2 \u0635\u0628\u062d \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u06a9\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0632\u062e\u0648\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0622\u062a\u0634 \u06a9\u062f\u06c1 \u0632\u0622\u062a\u0634 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a \u0628\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u06c1\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u06c2 \u06af\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0646\u06c1\u2018 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0632\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06a9 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0634\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06c1 \u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u06cc\u06c1 \u0641\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0648\u06c1\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0627\u062c \u06af\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0628\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u2018 \u0628\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06c1 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u06c1 \u06cc\u063a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0645\u2018 \u06c1\u0645 \u0627\u0632\u0627\u06ba \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">muzhdah-yi subh dar\u0305in t\u0305irah shab\u0305anam d\u0305adand<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shama\u2018 kushtand o ze khursh\u0305id nash\u0305anam d\u0305adand<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sokht \u0305atish-kadah z\u0305atish nafasam bakhsh\u0305idand<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">raikht butkh\u0305anah ze n\u0305aqus fugh\u0305anam d\u0305adand<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535241333\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">guhar az r\u0305ayat-i sh\u0305ah\u0305an-i \u2018\u0305ajam parch\u0305idand<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">b-evaz kh\u0305amah-yi ganj\u0305inah fish\u0305anam d\u0305adand<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">afsar az t\u0305arak-i turk\u0305an-i pushangi burdand<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bah sukhan nasiyah-yi farr-i kiy\u0305anam d\u0305adand<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gauhar az t\u0305aj gusastand o b-d\u0305anish burdand<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">harcheh burdand bah paida, bah nih\u0305anam d\u0305adand<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">harcheh az dastgah-yi P\u0305ars bah yaghm\u0305a burdand<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">t\u0305a b-n\u0305alam, ham az\u0305an jumlah zab\u0305anam d\u0305adand <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{In these dark nights, I have been given good news of dawn. The lamp was extinguished and I was informed of the rising of the sun. The Temple of Fire was burnt and its fire was given to my breath.The Temple was destroyed and by conch I got my lamentation.. Pearls from the flags of the Persian kings were taken away and in its place a treasure-showering pen was given to me. Crowns of the Turkish kings were removed and in poetry I was awarded with the magnificence of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Kiy\u0305ani<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> dynasty. Pearls were taken away from the crowns and were imbedded in my intellect. What was taken away overtly, was transferred to me covertly. Out of the loot of Persia, I was given language so that I can lament the loss of Persian heritage. From whatever was looted in Persia (by the Arabs) I was endowed with the language for lamenting for all that was of Persia.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Hlk535241511\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib is different from all others:<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06af\u06c1 \u06af\u0631\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06a9 \u0622\u06af \u0679\u067e\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u06d2 \u0686\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u06ba \u062e\u0633 \u062e\u0627\u0634\u0627\u06a9 \u0650 \u06af\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u06be \u0633\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">nigah-yi garm se ek \u0305ag tapakt\u0305i hai, Asad!<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">hai char\u0305agh\u0305an khas o khash\u0305ak-i gulist\u0305an mujh se<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{A fire drips from my hot sight; the dust and litter of the garden is illuminated by me.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535241590\"><\/a> \u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Az\u0305adgi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\/ <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u0622 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\/liberality:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0648\u06c1 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0644\u0679\u06d2 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0622\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0650 \u06a9\u0639\u0628\u06c1 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0648\u0627 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>bandagi men bhi voh \u0305az\u0305adah o khudb\u0305in hain keh ham<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ulte phir \u0305aey dar-i Ka\u2018bah agar v\u0305a nah h\u0305uv\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{In spite of our being worshippers we are so free and self-assured so that we could turn back if the doors of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Ka\u2018bah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> were not opened for us.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0633\u0628 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0648 \u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u0645 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u0650 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ky\u0305a farz hai keh sab ko mile aik s\u0305a jav\u0305ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>a\u2019o nah ham bhi sair karen Koh-i T\u0305ur ki<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{It is not necessary that all would get the same reply (from God, \u2018you cannot see Me\u2019); let us, too, take a tour of the mountain,<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> T\u0305ur<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0633\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06d2\u2018 \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0632 \u06c1\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u062f\u0631\u06af\u0630 \u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u0622\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>az\u0305adg\u0305ist s\u0305az-e, amm\u0305a sad\u0305a nad\u0305arad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>az harcheh dar g\u0305uzashtaim \u0305av\u0305az-i p\u0305a nad\u0305arad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Liberality\/unorthodoxy is a musical instrument but soundless; whatever we have passed through has no sound of its footsteps.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062d\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u06af\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0648 \u0648 \u06cc\u0632\u062f\u0627\u06ba\u2018 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06ba \u06af\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0644\u06c1\u0627\u0645\u06d2 \u06c1\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>she\u2018r-i Ghalib na-buvad vah`\u0305i o na-goyaim, vale<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>t\u0305u v Yazd\u0305an na-tu\u0305an guft kih ilh\u0305ame hast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{The poetry of Ghalib is not revelation and that\u2019s what we say but, by God, is it not revelation?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0634\u0648\u2018 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">`<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0642\u0637\u0631\u06c1 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0646 \u06af\u06c1\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>kam-i khud g\u0305ir o b\u0305ish shav, Ghalib!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>qatrah az tark-i khv\u0305ishtan guhar ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Give up your ego and greater grow; when a drop (of water) gives itself up, it becomes a pearl.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0633\u06cc\u062a\u0645\u2018 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535241903\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0648\u0634\u0645 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u0686\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u06af\u0631 \u06af\u0630\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>har\u0305if-i minnat-i ahb\u0305ab n\u0305istam, Ghalib!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>khusham kih k\u0305ar-i man az sa\u2018i-yi ch\u0305arahgar guzrad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{I am no more amenable to the friendly favour; my life has gone beyond any help and favour.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0646\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0633\u0646\u06af \u0646\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0648\u06c1\u2018 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0641\u062a\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0632\u0634\u0627\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0686\u06c1 \u062d\u0638<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>chun\u0305in kih nakhl buland ast o sang na-paid\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ze mevah t\u0305a nah fatad khud ze sh\u0305akhs\u0305ar cheh haz?<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{When the tree is tall and stones are not to be found; there is no pleasure unless the fruit is plucked from the branch.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0631\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u0645 \u067e\u06c1 \u0628\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u06c1 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u067e\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0638\u0631\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u062d \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be \u06a9\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>girn\u0305i thi ham pah barq-i tajall\u0305i nah T\u0305ur par<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>dete hain b\u0305adah zarf-i qadh-khv\u0305ar dekh kar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535242027\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{God\u2019s illumination should have hit us and not the mountain <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>T\u0305ur<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> wine is served to drinkers according to their holding capacity.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>God:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">We have seen that when conversing with his friends, Ghalib admits that, like other Muslims, he believes in God, Messengership and the Messenger. However, when conversing with himself about God he sometimes feels like a Sufi or a philosopher, in a way that his concept of God becomes two-worldly\u2014the God of the physical world and God of the metaphysical world. In the physical world, man is the noblest being and a necessary cause for the creation of the universe. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a \u06c1\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0648\u06ba \u0628\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0641\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0627\u06a9\u2018 \u0686\u0648\u06ba \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>burd Adam az am\u0305anat harcheh gard\u0305un bar na-t\u0305aft<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>raikht mai bar kh\u0305ak, ch\u0305un dar j\u0305am genj\u0305idan na-d\u0305asht<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Adam adopted what the sky could not; wine fell on earth when the cup could not contain it.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">These attributes empower man to hold God accountable for demanding explanations from man for acts derived from the attributes of nobility accorded by God Himself. If man is answerable to God, likewise, why should God not be answerable for creating a helpless man. Again, using the parable of appearance of God on the mountain, Tur, he holds God responsible for not according man due respect and attention.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The relationship between God and Ghalib is of that between <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rahmat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (compassionate God) and the sinner rather than between God and the servant of God (man), be it issues bearing on good and bad, crime and punishment, or intervention of reason in matters of faith. God appears to be listening to his \u2018complaints\u2019. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u06a9\u0691\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0631\u0634\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u0642<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u0627\u061f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>pakre j\u0305aten hain farishton ke likhe par, Ghalib!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>adm\u0305i ko\u0305i ham\u0305ara dam-i tahr\u0305ir bhi th\u0305a?<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{We (humans) are being caught on the basis of what the angels have been recording about our acts. Was there any witness from our side present at the time of writing?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u062a\u0633\u062a\u2018 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0648 \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u2018 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u2018 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nek\u0305i ze tust, az t\u0305u na-khv\u0305ahaim m\u0305uzd- k\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>var khud budaim, k\u0305ar-i t\u0305uam, inteq\u0305am ch\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{For our virtuous deeds owing to You, we seek no reward. The bad we do is also Your work; why, then, the reprisal?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0686\u06c1 \u062c\u0631\u0645\u2018 \u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0622\u0633\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u06cc\u0632 \u06af\u0627\u0645\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0648 \u0633\u0646 \u0632 \u062a\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06c1\u0621 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mar\u0305a che j\u0305urm, gar and\u0305ishah \u0305asm\u0305an paim\u0305a-st,<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah tezg\u0305am\u0305i-yi tausan ze t\u0305azi\u0305anah-yi t\u0305ust<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{I am not responsible if the intellect tends to comprehend everything, is not the speed of the steed due to your whip?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This paradigm of complaint portrays God as compassionate and man as an apologetic sinner.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0686\u0648\u06ba \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06c1\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u06c1\u0627 \u067e\u0631 \u0632 \u063a\u0648\u063a\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u067e\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u2018 \u0622\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>chun zab\u0305anha l\u0305al o j\u0305anh\u0305a pur ze ghogha kardah-yi,<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>b\u0305ayadat az khv\u0305ish p\u0305urs\u0305id \u0305ancheh b\u0305a m\u0305a kardah-yi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{When you have muted our tongues and filled our lives with turmoil, ask yourself what you have done to us.}<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0641\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0632\u062e \u062f\u0631\u0646\u06c1\u0627\u062f\u0650 \u0634\u0631\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haft dozakh dar n\u0305ih\u0305ad-i sharms\u0305ari muzmir ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>intiq\u0305am ast in kih b\u0305a mujrim mad\u0305ar\u0305a kardah-yi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535242340\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Several hells of the curse of guilt are imbedded in (my) Self; forgiving the sinner in spite of the sin is no less than revenge}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0635\u062f \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u062e \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u06c2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0698\u062f\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sad k\u0305ush\u0305ad \u0305an r\u0305a kih ham imroz r\u0305ukh benm\u0305udah-yi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>m\u0305uzhdah b\u0305ad \u0305an r\u0305a kih mahv-i zauq-i fard\u0305a kardah-yi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The man is fortunate who has been blessed with vision today, and blessed are those whom You have promised the sight of tomorrow.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u06ba \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0644 \u0628\u06c1 \u067e\u0631\u0633\u0634\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u067e\u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u0631\u062f\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u06ba \u06af\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0634\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khastag\u0305an r\u0305a dil bah p\u0305ursishh\u0305a-yi pinh\u0305an burdah-yi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>b\u0305a durastan gar nav\u0305azishha-yi paida kardah-yi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{You have rewarded the affluent, secretly, as well as the poor, openly.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0686\u0634\u0645\u06c1\u2018 \u0646\u0648\u0634 \u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u06c1\u0631 \u0639\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0644\u062e\u06cc \u0645\u06d2 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u06af\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>chashma-yi noshast az zahr-i \u2018int\u0305abat k\u0305am-i j`an<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>talkhi-yi mai dar maz\u0305aq-i m\u0305a gav\u0305ar\u0305a kardah-yi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{You have tempered the poison of your anger, like bitter wine becoming bearable to our taste.}<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0644\u0648\u06c1 \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u067e\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0648\u06c1\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u06c2 \u062e\u0644\u0642\u06d2 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>jalvah v nazz\u0305arah pind\u0305ari kih az yak gaohar ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khv\u0305ish r\u0305a dar pardah-yi khalqe, tam\u0305ash\u0305a kardahe<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{In your view, (Your) manifestation and its observation originate from the same essence, (that is why) You are viewing Yourself in created phenomena.}<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535242494\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535242554\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">These are not grievances (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shik\u0305ay\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) but sort of appeals (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shikv\u0305ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) to God for the injustice done. Ghalib is not holding God responsible for his deprivations but drawing His attention to them. It may have been noticed that the God of poet Ghalib is not an impervious and mighty God demanding accountability from man. Nor is He the God awarding punishments to sinners. He is a friend and beloved with whom he can talk freely about suffering, sin, shortcomings and deprivations.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535242606\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Jabr v Qadr<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b> \/ <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u0631<\/b><\/span><\/span><b> <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>\/ Freedom and Predestination<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535242691\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535243018\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535243119\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The intellectual history of Muslims highlights the fact that the Muslim mind has always been engaged with themes of both the spiritual and mundane spheres.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> During the first two centuries of the arrival of Islam, Muslim thinking remained focused on the two primary sources of Islam\u200e\u2014 the Qur\u2018an and the codification of Traditions (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ah\u0305ad\u0305is- <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pluralof <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>had\u0305is<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">)\u200e\u2014 reports of what the Messenger of Islam said, did, and the pre-Islamic customs of Hijaz the Messenger maintained. The huge task of collection and codification of the Traditions started in about the third century of Islam from <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>r\u0305av\u0305is<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (narrators) living in Hijaz, Nejd, Iraq, and Egypt, who had preserved for more than two centuries one or more than one of the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Traditions<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, received from many other narrators. For authentication of these <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Traditions,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> two sciences were developed\u200e\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Asm\u0305aur-Rij\u0305al<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> to scrutinize the character and reliability of each narrator and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018Ilmul-Jarh vat-Ta\u2018d\u0305il<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, to examine each reported <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tradition<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> scientifically and rationally. This was followed by the development of the science of Islamic jurisprudence (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018Ilmul-Fiqh<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and Islamic scholasticism (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018Ilmul-Kal\u0305am<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Both these sciences were in response to the contemporary social and intellectual requirements of a society formed by a huge influx of new converts to Islam from Persia, Central Asia, North Africa and Spain, bringing along with them several rich social, economic, cultural, religious and intellectual streams to constitute a dynamic new plural knowledge society the paradigm of which was at once spiritual and rational. The issues of this new society were, in many ways, quite different from those of the original Islamic society of Hijaz. Different schools of Islamic law emerged in different regions of Muslim empires. This trend was, perhaps, responsible for bringing in a totally external source of knowledge\u200e\u2014the Greek philosophical schools and theories. The West was passing at that time through its Dark Age. Under the second Abbasid Caliph, M\u0305am\u0305un al-Rash\u0305id, a new age of knowledge was born. Greek philosophy, especially the Aristotelian concepts caught the attention of Muslims\u200e\u2014Arab, Persian and Central Asian. The most compelling was the principle that every concept must stand true to reason and evidence. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535243227\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Qur\u2018an also lays great stress on judging every thought and concept in the light of reason and wisdom (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hikmah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hikmat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in Urdu). The new science of Islamic scholasticism (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018Ilmul-Kal\u0305am<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) introduced the method of understanding and interpreting the Qur\u2018an and the Qur\u2018anic teachings and beliefs rationally. Reason was mooted as a complement to<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vahi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (revelation) which had still been held as the only source of authenticity. For about a hundred years, the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Kal\u0305am<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> retained its methodological duality of maintaining <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vahi <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">as the source of Islamic guidance, and reason and rational methodology for the understanding and interpretation of the Qur\u2018an.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535243304\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535243363\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Scholasticism was not the first movement of building up the methodology for comprehension of certain concepts of the Qur\u2018an. The first philosophical questions raised much earlier by Muslim thinkers were regarding predestination and human freedom (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>jabr o qadr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> ). Is man fully free to act or every action is bound to God\u2019s will? Two schools emerged in response to these questions. According to the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Jabr\u0305iyyah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> school (the predestinarians, fatalists), man in his actions is totally subservient to the will of God. The <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Qadar\u0305iyyah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, on the other hand, believed that man is empowered to choose between the good and the bad. Second, according to the Qur\u2018an, man has been endowed with full freedom to deliberate, through his faculty of thinking (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>and\u0305ishah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in Ghalib\u2019s terminology), on issues of this world and the afterworld.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535243420\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535243494\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mu\u2018tazilah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> emerged in the ninth to tenth centuries. They were rationalists, true successors of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Qadar\u0305iyyah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. They believed that theoretical reason should be the arbiter of the revealed text, and they called themselves <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ahlat-Tauh\u0305id val- \u2018Adl<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (peoples of unity and justice). Another school, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>al-Ash\u2018ar\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (named after its founder, Abul Hasan al-Ash\u2018ar\u0305i) was developed in opposition to the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Muta\u2018zilah.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> It made use of the dialectical method for the defense of divine revelation as applied to theological subjects. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This background would help understand Ghalib\u2019s belief in predestination (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Jabr\u0305iyah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). He repeatedly declares in his letters that he is a believer in predestination:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I neither fear death nor have a claim to being patient; my belief, as against the belief of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Qadr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, is <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Jabr\u0305iyyah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d (letter to \u2018Al\u0305audd\u0305in Kh\u0305an, August 6, 1862).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">However, in his poetic life, he is different. On the subject of reward and punishment, he appears in agreement with the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mu\u2018taz\u0305ilite<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> position and maintains his belief in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Jabr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (predestination) as something imposed on him. He also complains of these compulsions all of which become questions on God\u2019s attributes of Justice. This develops the concept of \u2018predestination and freedom\u2019 into a new Value.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">His letters are full of detailed accounts of economic deprivations and loneliness, and they would certainly have impacted on the shaping of his physical and metaphysical thinking. His extreme poetry and desperate ways to meet minimum requirements of sustenance might have been responsible for leading him to<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> jabr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. There are couplets indicating this.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Of birds trying to break free writes he:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0642\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u06af\u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u067e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ar-IQ\">\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>qafas o d\u0305am r\u0305a gun\u0305ahe n\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>raikhtan dar nih\u0305ad-i b\u0305al o par ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Cage and net do not cause falling of wings. These are but natural things.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535243606\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Likewise, the good and bad are also predetermined.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u0634\u0631 \u062c\u0632 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0632 \u067e\u0631\u062f \u0644\u06cc \u0628\u06d2 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Ghalib! az\u0305ankih khair o shar juz ba-qaz\u0305a na-b\u0305udah ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>k\u0305ari-i jah\u0305an ze p\u0305urdil\u0305i be-khabar\u0305anah kardah-aim<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Ghalib! Good and bad are related to predestination; whatever we have done in the world we have done fearlessly and spontaneously.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Here, Ghalib appears closer to the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Mu\u2018tazilah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> but in his own way and, at the same time, he moves a little away from the Mu\u2019tazilite position. He does not insist that God has created man as bound and helpless. He is not selective and does not adopt any one of God\u2019s attributes ignoring some other. God is all-powerful but His other attributes infuse in it the aspect of freedom as well. In his poetic life, Ghalib\u2019s belief in predestination, absorbing such attributes turns into complaints and protests addressed to God. His core question is that if good and bad flow from God, then the meanings of reward and punishment and of sin and good acts are totally changed. In his protests, he examines the concept of reward and punishment:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0632\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u06c1\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0622\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0627\ufdf2 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc\u0686 \u0648 \u0628\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc\u0686<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Ghalib! ze giraft\u0305ar\u0305i-yi avh\u0305am b\u0305ur\u0305un ae<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>bi-Allah, jah\u0305an haich o bad v nek-i jah\u0305an haich<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535243704\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Ghalib, shed illusions! By God, this world and its good and bad are all absurd.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u062a\u0633\u062a\u2018 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0648 \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u2018 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u2018 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>nek\u0305i ze tust az t\u0305u na-khvahaim muzd-i k\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>var khud badaim, k\u0305ar-t\u0305u aim, inteq\u0305am ch\u0305ist?<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{And if acts of virtue and vice are predetermined (by God), then the question of our responsibility does not arise.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He takes a step further and declares himself unmindful of both paradise and hell.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0631\u06c1 \u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0679\u06cc\u0691\u06be\u0627 \u0644\u06af\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0642\u0637 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>h\u0305un munharif nah ky\u0305un rah o rasm-i sav\u0305ab se<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>terh\u0305a lag\u0305a hai qat qalam-i sarnavisht k\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535243766\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Why should I not deviate from the tradition of reward for doing good? It is so written in my life.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">While analysing further the issue of crime and punishment, Ghalib arrives at the crucial point where all relations between man and God require answers to certain questions. What does obedience to God mean? Does it mean unqualified obedience to God or is it a means of receiving some reward\u2014paradise, palaces or <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>houri<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, and such like? For Ghalib, the ultimate destination is God which can be reached by love (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ishq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), Obedience is another form of love. Ghalib does not believe in any rewards in return for obedience to God. Thus, he brings man out of the mutually conflicting compulsions of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mu\u2018tazilite<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> rationalism and that of the belief-based argumentation of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ash\u2018arite<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> where both \u2018freedom and determinism\u2019 go through a total change: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0637\u0627 \u0639\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0627 \u0631\u06c1\u06d2 \u0646\u06c1 \u0645\u0626\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0628\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u06af<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0648\u0632\u062e \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0688\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc \u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631 \u0628\u06c1\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305a\u2018at men t\u0305a rahe nah mai o angb\u0305in ki l\u0305ag<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dozakh men d\u0305al do ko\u0305i lekar behisht ko<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535244251\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Throw paradise into hell so that for obeying God there is no enticement of honey and wine.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0648 \u0637\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u06c1\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u0631\u0686\u0634\u0645\u06c1 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u06c1 \u0631\u0627\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>in kausar o t\u0305ub\u0305a kih nash\u0305anh\u0305a d\u0305arad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>sarchashmah o s\u0305ay\u0305ah aist dar n\u0305imah-yi rah<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535315043\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{For me <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>kausar<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (a fountain in Paradise) and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>t\u0305ub\u0305a <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">(a tree in Paradise) are not rewards; they are signs on the road leading to God, like a stream or a shadow on a road.)<\/span><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">5<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u0646\u06af \u06be\u0627 \u0686\u0648\u06ba \u0634\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645\u2018 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535244330\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0644\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0648 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>rangh\u0305a ch\u0305un shud far\u0305aham, masrafe d\u0305igar na-d\u0305asht<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>kh\u0305uld ra naqsh o nig\u0305ar-i t\u0305aq-i nisy\u0305an kardahaim<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{When various embellishments are to be had, there is more to do; all these paradisal decorations we have put in the realm of forgetfulness.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0627\u0686\u06c1 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u062f \u0648\u0632\u062e \u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u062a\u0634\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0648 \u0622\u0628\u06d2 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>t\u0305a cheh sanjam dozakh o kausar kih man n\u0305iz \u0305in chun\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>atishe dar sinah o abe ba-saghar dashtam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535244463\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Why pay attention to hell and paradise when my chest is full of fire (as my punishment) and I have my cup of wine (as my reward) ?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u06af\u0646\u0627\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u06af\u0646\u0627\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0632\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>n\u0305a-kardah gunahon k\u0305i bh\u0305i hasrat k\u0305i mile d\u0305ad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ya Rab! agar in kardah gun\u0305ahon ki saz\u0305a hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{If there is punishment for sins committed, my unfulfilled desire of committing sins should also be appreciated.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">Talk of good and bad, and obedience, may have some justification in a mystic context but for an ordinary man these are too abstract and would not produce anything other than a deep sense of frustration and deprivation. Ghalib was passing through the existential confusion made by such abstraction and for this very reason he made the abstract God a felt God so that he may complain to him just as one can to one\u2019s beloved. Accordingly, he refers the problem of crime and punishment to the beloved\u2014God. He searches all God\u2019s attributes and finds the attribute of compassion which provides justification for the essence of the God-man relationship, reward and punishment, good and bad and paradise and hell. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535244511\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><b>Compassion\/ \/ <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u0631\u062d\u0645\u062a<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i><b>Rahmat<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">A God-loving man is a concept of the Sufis. Sufism is based on direct relationship with man. On the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>sufi<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> path, love is the only guide. Ghalib offers a new definition of love\u2014<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>vaf\u0305ad\u0305ar\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (fidelity) <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0631\u06d2 \u0628\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u0639\u0628\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u0627\u0691\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u06c1\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vaf\u0305ad\u0305ar\u0305i ba-shart-i ustav\u0305ari asl-i \u0305im`an hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mare butkh\u0305ane men to Ka\u2018be men g\u0305aro Brahaman ko<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Fidelity with full commitment is the essence of faith, hence, if a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Barhaman dies in a temple, bury him in Ka\u2018bah}.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535244586\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vaf\u0305ad\u0305ar\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is essential to a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sufi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> on the path of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tar\u0305iqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. How to accord steadfastness (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ustv\u0305ar\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vaf\u0305ad\u0305ar\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">? He attributes steadfastness to God\u2019s attribute of compassion. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Rahmat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, to Ghalib, is a guarantee of one\u2019s faith (\u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305an)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. It is the only way to prevent a sinner from turning away from God. To believe in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rahmat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is to believe in God. This is what can protect a sinner from hopelessness. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u062d\u0645\u062a \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u06d2\u2018 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u06cc\u062f \u06c1\u06d2\u061f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0634\u0631\u0645\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u0630\u0631 \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u06af\u0646\u0627\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>rahmat agar qub\u0305ul kare, ky\u0305a ba\u2018\u0305id hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>sharmindag\u0305i se \u2018uzr nah karnah gun\u0305ah k\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{God\u2019s compassion may accept not apologising, out of remorse, for commitment of sins.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535244661\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">Iqbal has a <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>she\u2018r<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> carrying the same emotion:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be \u06a9\u06d2 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0646\u06d2 \u0686\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0642\u0637\u0631\u06d2 \u062c\u0648\u062a\u06be\u06d2 \u0645\u0631\u06d2 \u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mot\u0305i samajh ke sh\u0305an-i kar\u0305im\u0305i ne ch\u0305un liye<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>qatre jo the mere \u2018araq-I infi\u2018\u0305al ke<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535244776\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{God\u2019s compassion chose the drops of my remorse as pearls.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0648 \u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u06ba \u062a\u0648\u0628\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0627 \u0632 \u06a9\u0641\u0631\u2018 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06c2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634\u06cc \u06c1\u0627\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u062e\u0634\u0634 \u0632\u06cc\u0632\u062f\u0627\u06ba \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>goyand San\u2018\u0305an taubah kard az kufr, n\u0305ad\u0305an bandahe<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaz khud-farosh\u0305ih\u0305a-yi d\u0305in bakhshish ze Yazd\u0305an khv\u0305ush nah kard<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{San\u2018\u0305an was a pious man who indulged in unethical activities amounting to unbelief. Later, he repented and gave up unbelief.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib accused San\u2018\u0305an of not believing in God\u2019s <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rahmat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> that could have forgiven his sins without him repenting. And if he, now, is forgiven it would be at the cost of his faith. This is how Ghalib explains it:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u06ba \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0641\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u062e\u0634\u0634 \u062f\u06af\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0632\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062f \u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>farq ast miy\u0305an-i man o San\u2018\u0305an dar kufr<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bakhshish digar o muzd-i \u2018ib\u0305adat digar ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{There is a difference between me and San\u2018\u0305an, that is, between forgiveness of sins and wages for prayers.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This concept of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rahmat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> removes all intermediaries between God and man whether ascetic, jurist or religious functionary; as also any belief in, or apprehension of, reward and punishment, paradise and hell.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u0632\u0646\u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u2018 \u0632\u0627\u06c1\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u06cc\u0670 \u0627\u0632\u0628\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0650 \u0628\u06d2 \u06af\u0646\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>hum\u0305an\u0305a kaz nau-amoz\u0305an-i dars-i rahmati, zahid!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ba-zauq-i da\u2018va azbar kardah bahs-i be-gun\u0305ah\u0305i r\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Ascetic! You are among the novices of lessons of compassion who have memorised the discussion of innocence due to God\u2019s compassion.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In this way, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rahmat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> becomes a value in Ghalib\u2019s poetic life and brings man as close to God as could be.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535244867\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Kufr<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> \/<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u06a9\u0641\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">\/ <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unbelief:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is generally a denial of the fundamental beliefs and concepts of Islam. But, in the Persian and Urdu poetic tradition, non-acceptance of restrictions imposed by religious conservatives on libertarianism has been treated as <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. The scope of this libertarianism has been extended to include various ways in which the beloved spurns the lover. The beloved has, also, become a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u0305afir. <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As Ghalib is not interested in human love, he is not interested in amorous love. Regarding everyday life he has not used the term, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in his poetry. However, Ghalib has used the word <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kafir<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> for his beloved. As such, in his poetic life, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> enjoys the status of one of the fundamental values. Picking up from the Persian and Urdu literary tradition the concept of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> he converted it into a much wider dynamic value of intellectualism, liberty and freethinking. Since in the shaping of the nineteenth century Asian thought and culture, religion had been a strong factor, there was a greater impact of Islamic theology, philosophy, and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Sufi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> thought on his value-building. Coverage of all aspects of the value of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is not easy. Nevertheless, a broad scenario of its nature, scope, and impact can be outlined. The first target of this value are the traditional concepts that are replaced by Ghalib\u2019s intellectualism, creed and way of thinking.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0634 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0644\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0679 \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ham muvahhid han, ham\u0305ar\u0305a kaish hai tark-i rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>millaten jab mit ga\u0305in, ajz\u0305a-yi \u0305im\u0305an hoga\u2019\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535244979\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{We are monotheists, our way is abandonment of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rusum;<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (various) ideologies (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>millaten<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), when decimated, become parts of faith (\u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535245070\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Here, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>muvahhid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> means anyone who believes in one God. Becoming a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>muvahhid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> means giving up (religious) customs (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Rus\u0305um <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(plural of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rasm<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, custom), that is, social and cultural religious are norms formed over time. These <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> are related to different sub-sects of one or different religious systems. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> constitute schools of thought and it is in their nature to be different and, generally, opposed to each other. Ghalib considers plurality of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>millat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">s as going against the pure concept of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tauh\u0305id<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (belief in the oneness of God). To believe in multiplicity of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>millat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">s with different interpretations of oneness of God, is against the pure concept of oneness of God. However, when <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um are<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> given up, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>millats<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> would also dissolve into <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u0305im\u0305an <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and merge with it. Abandonment of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> for Ghalib, is not a (religious) belief, but a particular point of view\u200e\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaish<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Kaish<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> that is very extensive and charged with manifold meanings is not specific to any particular faith. Every faith has some belief in one God. This <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tauh\u0305id<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is the essence of faith (\u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). At the same time, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, in Islamic theological terminology, stands for going against the Islamic faith. That is, in this sense, if only <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tauh\u0305id<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is considered to be <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>the<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> faith then, in essence, there would not be any difference among various religious systems. Theologically, a person violating Islam could not be called a man of faith but, Ghalib argues, a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>muvahhid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (a believer in unity of God) may be called a man of faith, if not a Muslim! On the other hand it is also correct that theologically Ghalib is committing <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> since <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tauhid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is specifically an Islamic belief. It can be surmised that Ghalib brings the controversial issue of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (unbelief) and faith (\u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) out of the realm of Islam and Muslim, into a wider circle of human spiritual sensitivities. He is not concerned that by doing so one would become an unbeliever (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u0305afir<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) or an atheist. On the other hand, he has full confidence in his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and avoids engaging in any jurisprudential discourse. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0631\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0632 \u0645 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u2018 \u0627\u06d2 \u062c\u0630 \u0628\u06c2 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u0642 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06c2 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u06cc\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bar\u0305ar az bazm-i bahs ay jazbah-yi tauf\u0305iq Ghalib r\u0305a,<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kih Turk-i s\u0305adah-yi m\u0305a b\u0305a faq\u0305ih\u0305an bar nam\u0305i \u0305ayad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{O sentiment of God\u2019s blessing! Bring Ghalib out of the assembly of polemics; he is a simple person and cannot bear with the jurists.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib is fully aware of the difference between <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaish <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and insists on his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaish<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Looking at the traditional concept of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and faith (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) from the angle of his existential thought, he finds both <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> mere pollution of certain assumptions of feeling of existence or of ego. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0641\u0631 \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f \u062c\u0632 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u067e\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u0634\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u2018 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0648 \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr o d\u0305in chist juz \u0305al\u0305aish-i pind\u0305ar-i vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>p\u0305ak shav p\u0305ak kih ham kufr-i tu d\u0305in-i t\u0305u shaved<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Unbelief and belief are nothing except filth of pride in one\u2019s own ego; purify yourself so that your unbelief becomes your belief.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0648 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u2018 \u062a\u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06c1 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u067e\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0632\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06c1 \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0632\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u0305u fan\u0305a! t\u0305a hamah \u0305al\u0305a\u2019ish-i pind\u0305ar burad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>az suvar jalvah o az \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah zang\u0305ar buvad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Where is the annihilation that removes pollutions of pride and separate manifestation from phenomena and clears up the mirror?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the concept of Existential Unity, there is no space for a polluted ego. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Kufr,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> as an existential value dominates over his poetic life.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc \u06af\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1\u0641\u062a\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0648 \u0628\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ze man hazar nah kuni gar lib\u0305as-i d\u0305in d\u0305aram<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nahuftah k\u0305afiram o but dar \u0305ast\u0305in d\u0305aram<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Do not avoid me if I am clothed in religious dress,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I am a hidden non-believer and have idols up my sleeves.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0633\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u0634\u062a\u06c1 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u0639\u0628\u06c1 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305aram sar-i \u0305in rishtah bad\u0305ans\u0305an kih ze dairam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305a Ka\u2018bah t\u0305u\u0305an burd ba-zunn\u0305ar kashidan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{I have secured this thread (zunn\u0305ar) so that dragged by it, I can be taken from the temple to the Ka\u2018bah.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0650 \u0645\u0632\u062f \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kardah-am \u0305im\u0305an-i khud r\u0305a dast-i muzd-i khv\u0305ishtan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mi tar\u0305asham paikar az sang o \u2018ib\u0305adat mi kunam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{I have made my faith as the hand of my wages; I carve out an image from stones and worship it.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> obliterates all distinctions between mosque and temple.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u0646\u06af \u0648\u062e\u0634\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u06c1\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0627\u0646\u06c2 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sang o khisht az masjid-i v\u0305ir\u0305anah m\u0305i \u0305aram ba-shahr<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kh\u0305anah-yi dar k\u0305u-yi Tars\u0305ay\u0305an \u2018ib\u0305adat m\u0305i kunam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535245418\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{I bring stones and bricks from a mosque in a desolate land (not visited by Muslims) to town; and build a house in the locality of Christians and Zoroastrians.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In other words, Ghalib is reiterating his belief that the same God is worshipped in all religions. Drawing on his own estimate of the value of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and denying any difference in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and \u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, he is going far beyond the definitions of<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u0305im\u0305an <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">given in Islamic theological paradigm.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0632 \u0633\u062e\u0646\u2018 \u06a9\u0641\u0631\u06d2 \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u062c\u0627 \u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0648\u062f \u0633\u062e\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0641\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>juz sukhan, kufre v \u0305im\u0305ane kuj\u0305ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khud sukhan dar kufr o \u0305im\u0305an m\u0305i ravad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Where else are belief and unbelief except in words,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">these concepts are themselves in dispute.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u0305im\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> have no relevance. Only the relationship with the supreme reality matters.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0634\u06cc\u062e \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u06c1\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0641\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0650 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06a9\u0641\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shaikh mustaghni ba-d\u0305in o Barhaman maghr\u0305ur-i kufr,<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mast-i husn-i dost r\u0305a ba kufr o \u0305im\u0305an k\u0305ar n\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The Shaikh is without faith and the Brahaman has become proud of his unbelief; one who is engrossed in beauty has nothing to do either with unbelief or with belief.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Shaikh<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (an orthodox religious figure),<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> muhtasib <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(public censor of religious beliefs and morals) and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>z\u0305ahid <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(a Muslim ascetic) have become symbols of narrow-mindedness and dogmatism. Their monopoly over interpretations of religion has severed them from the masses. This, too, is a reason for Ghalib\u2019s \u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>az\u0305adgi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and for his inclination towards <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06c1\u2018 \u0645\u0631\u0627 \u06c1\u0645 \u062f\u0644 \u0628\u06c1 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u2018 \u0627\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632 \u0646\u0646\u06af \u0632\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06d2 \u06c1\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sukhan kotah, mar\u0305a ham dil bah taqvah m\u0305a\u2019\u0305il ast, amm\u0305a,<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ze nang-i z\u0305ahid uft\u0305adam bah k\u0305afir m\u0305ajr\u0305a\u2019e-h\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535245648\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Briefly, my heart also tends towards piety; it was due to the ill-repute of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>z\u0305ahid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> that I was drawn into disbelief!}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u062c\u0632 \u062d\u0628\u06cc\u0628 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u062c\u062f\u06c1\u2018 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0627\u06ba \u0631\u0633\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>maqs\u0305ud-i m\u0305a ze dair o haram juz hab\u0305ib n\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>har j\u0305a kunaim sajdah, bar \u0305an \u0305ast\u0305an rasad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Our objective from mosque and temple is nothing except the Beloved; wherever we prostrate, the abode of God reaches there.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0633\u062f \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u062a \u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u063a\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0627\u0644\u06c2 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0628 \u06c1\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Asad! ko but-parast\u0305i se gharaz dard-\u0305ashn\u0305a\u2019\u0305i hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nih\u0305an hain n\u0305alah-yi n\u0305aq\u0305us men dar pardah \u2018y\u0305a Rab-h\u0305a\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Ghalib relates himself to idol worship for the sake of empathy; in the cry of the conch are hidden calls of \u2018O God\u2019.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Here, his reference to idol worship is mutual human empathy. This couplet and several other couplets insist that definition and determination of faith is possible only through human values without in any way ignoring systems of faith.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The central point remains discovery of ways to access Reality. In his attitudes in mundane life he has insisted on his firm belief in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tauh\u0305id<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ris\u0305alat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, and other fundamentals of Islam. In his spiritual-poetic life, on the other hand, he adopts those concepts that could serve as values. The question remains as to why Ghalib lays emphasis on <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> as a value. Alt\u0305af Husain Hali offers this explanation with reference to the following couplet:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0628\u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f\u2018 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u0634\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u2018 \u0646\u0627\u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u0634\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>daulat ba-ghalat na-buvad az sa\u2018\u0305i pashem\u0305an shav<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>k\u0305afir na-tu\u0305an\u0305i shud, n\u0305a-ch\u0305ar Musalm\u0305an shav<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Good luck is not easy to come by and you should not repent your efforts of having no options. If you could not become non-believer, become a Muslim.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535245952\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535246062\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535246145\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535246221\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">H\u0305ali says that by <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Ghalib most probably means the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> which, in accordance with Sufi terminology, is a high stage of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>faqr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (an Islamic trait of subsistence on minimum comforts, poverty) and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>darveshi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (state of Muslim monks, hermits). Support for this view is to be had in the letters of Mujaddid Alf S\u0305ani, <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">according to whom, the nature of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> depends on the state of mind in which <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is noticed. Existential Unity (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tauh\u0305id-i vuj\u0305ud\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) is a type of knowledge of certitude, while Cognitive Unity (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tauh\u0305id-i shuh\u0305ud\u0305i)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is a type of \u2018knowledge gained through observation and experience\u2019 (\u2018<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ilm al-yaq\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Cognitive Unity is necessary on this path since due to the predominance of the state of Existential Unity, the traveller (on the path of Sufism) does not see anything else except the Essence (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>z\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). It is like this: if someone has the knowledge of the sun, it would not make the stars invisible. And one who is observing the essence of the Sun, in keeping with the point of view of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ain al-yaq\u0305in <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(faith obtained through personal experience), stars do not exist. When B\u0305ayaz\u0305id Bist\u0305ami and Mans\u0305ur al-Hall\u0305aj respectively uttered, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>subh\u0305ani m\u0305a a\u2018zama sh\u0305an\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (praise be to my magnificent position) and \u2018<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>an-al-Haq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (I am the Truth\/God), under the predominance of a spiritual state, they could not perceive their own existent being and that of the created world and could see only God. When the Sufi arrives from the state of<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ain al-yaq\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> into the state of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haqq al-yaq\u0305in <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(Truth received directly from God), then negation of<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> does not survive and his knowledge of God becomes the knowledge of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shar\u0305i \u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is of two types\u200e\u2014 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr-i shari\u2018at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> kufr-i tariqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. The state of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr-i tariqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is the state of intoxication <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>(sukr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and the state of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr-i shari\u2018at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is that of consciousness <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>(sahv<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Kufr-i Tariqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> means the state of Unity of Existence, the state of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sukr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (unconsciousness), while <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Islami Tar\u0305iqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> represents state of Cognitive Existence,<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Sharfudd\u0305in Yahy\u0305a Maneri says that unless one is not an unbeliever (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u0305afir<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), he cannot become a Muslim. Here, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> means <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr-i tariqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> . Real faith (\u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305an)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> can be obtained only through \u2018real unbelief\u2019 (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr-i haq\u0305iq\u0305i)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> In his poetic life, Ghalib has adopted this mystic thought and filled it with his own concept of reality.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535246293\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535246384\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Love\/ <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u0639\u0634\u0642<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>\/<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b> \u2018Ishq<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Allegorical love (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ishq-i maj\u0305az\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), more than divine love, has always been the most favoured theme <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>(mazm\u0305un<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) with a vast range of multiple sensual and emotional images and relationships such as <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>husn<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (beauty), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ges\u0305u<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (hair, tresses), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>zulf<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (a curling lock hangng over the ear), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gul<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (flower), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bulbul<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (nightingale), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vis\u0305al<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (tryst with the beloved), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>fir\u0305aq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (separation from the beloved), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vaf\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (fidelity), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>jaf\u0305a <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(the beloved\u2019s dismissal of the lover\u2019s avowal of love), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>raq\u0305ib<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (rival in love), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>q\u0305atil<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (assassin, harsh beloved), beloved (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mahb\u0305ub, ma\u2018sh\u0305uq)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>s\u0305aqi <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(one who serves wine), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sitam <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(the beloved\u2019s oppressions of the lover by the beloved)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>, sitamgar <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(oppressor, beloved)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>, n\u0305aseh <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(an advisor on ethical behaviour)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>, ma\u2019e <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(wine)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>, maikadah <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(tavern)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>, nashah <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(state of intoxication)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>, k\u0305uchah-yi mahb\u0305ub <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(the lane where the house of the beloved is located)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>, barq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (lightning)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>, \u0305ash\u0305i\u0305anah <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(nest, home). In Ghalib\u2019s poetry, there are no indications of his having been in love with any woman. It appears that his intellectual involvement in spiritual issues like being and non-Being did not provide any space for such love. However, there are many <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>she\u2018r<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghazal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">s dealing with the traditional themes and symbols of love, as mentioned above. Here, too, his art of treating these traditional themes maintains its own uniqueness. He makes it clear that his allusions are not to love but to desire (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khv\u0305ahish<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">): <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u0634 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0634 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062a\u0650 \u0628\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u062f \u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khv\u0305ahish ko ahmaqon ne parastish diy\u0305a qar\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ky\u0305a p\u0305ujt\u0305a h\u0305un us but-i bed\u0305adgar ko main?<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535246510\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Only fools describe my desire as my worship of my beloved.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535246591\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He is for flirting with rather than loving someone. Very significantly, in his poetic life as well, love (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ishq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), whether allegorical (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>maj\u0305az\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) or of the Absolute (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haq\u0305iq\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), does not have the status of a value. Ghalib believed in flirtation and even had one or two beloveds of his own, but it is not the kind of love that for Mir and Iqbal was the chief emotion or thought energising their ideal poetic life. All areas of concern of both these poets revolved round their own respective concepts of love. For the intellectual Ghalib love (both <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haq\u0305iq\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> or <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>maj\u0305az\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) amounts to a self-surrender to the Absolute or to some beloved, and he is not amenable to any kind of surrender. Again, for him, love means involvement in something external\u200e\u2014outside of one\u2019s own self. There is no room in love for the intellect, skepticism or reasoning that are core concepts and values in Ghalib\u2019s poetic life. In his poetic life, however, love as a perpetual category of steadfastness is as vibrant as intellect, wisdom, and Existential Unity are. What cannot be ignored is that Ghalib the poet has also passed through experiences of the universal concept of love and those between man and God. This is where the love of Ghalib as a mystic concept is transformed into a value. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another point to note is paucity of that kind of poetry in which Ghalib appears to be helpless due to the unresponsive beloved. Ghalib does not look at his beloved as a god nor does he justify the worship of the beloved as necessary. The beloved and the lover confront each other. Along with loving the beloved, he is fiercely sensitive about respect for his own emotion of love. This is the factor that helps us glimpse Ghalib\u2019 persona and consider his attitude towards love. He does not wish to put the beloved above the demands of the lover by according the beloved an ideal position. This is not a request but a friendly suggestion. His beloved is an ordinary common human being like himself who sometimes becomes aggressive:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u06c1 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u06c1 \u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u067e\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0622\u062c \u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u0627 \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u0646\u0686\u06cc\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ijz o niy\u0305az se to nah \u0305ay\u0305a voh r\u0305ah par<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>d\u0305aman ko us ke \u0305aj har\u0305if\u0305anah kh`inchiye<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{If the beloved is not responding, let us try to employ some aggressive ploys.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0646\u06c1 \u0686\u06be\u0648\u0691\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2 \u06c1\u0645 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0628\u062f\u0644\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u0628\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0686\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06c1\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>voh apn\u0305i kh\u0305u nah chhorenge, ham apn\u0305I vaz\u2018 ky\u0305un badlen<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>subuksar ban ke ky\u0305a p\u0305uchen kih ham se sargar\u0305an ky\u0305un ho<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The beloved is unyielding in her habits, so why should I change my attitude? Why should I bow down to ask her why she is unhappy with me?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">However, love (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ishq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) as a passion for life and for the Absolute Reality is always with him as a value:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0642 \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0639\u0634\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u06d2 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0642 \u062e\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>r<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>aunaq-i hast\u0305i hai \u2018ishq-i khanah v\u0305iran-s\u0305az se<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>anjuman be-sham\u2018 hai gar barq khirman men nah\u0305\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The bloom of life is due to the love that destroys a house.} <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u0631\u0627\u067e\u0627 \u0631\u06c1\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0642 \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sar\u0305ap\u0305a rahn-i \u2018ishq o n\u0305aguzer-i \u0305ulfat-i hast\u0305i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ib\u0305adat barq ki katrt\u0305a h\u0305un aur afsos h\u0305asil k\u0305a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{I am totally pledged to love and (at the same time) am in love with life; I crave for destructive elements and, at the same time, lament losses in life!}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0634\u0642 \u067e\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0648\u06c1 \u0622\u062a\u0634 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06c1 \u0644\u06af\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0646\u06c1 \u0644\u06af\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u06be\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0646\u06c1 \u0628\u062c\u06be\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ishq par zor nah`\u0305in, hai yeh voh \u0305atish, Ghalib!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kih lag\u0305a\u2019y nah lage aur b\u0305ujh\u0305a\u2019y nah bujhe<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Love cannot be controlled, it is a fire that can neither be lighted nor put out.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u062d\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u062f\u06c2 \u0628\u0632\u0645 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648\u06ba \u0634\u0645\u0639<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0634\u0639\u0644\u06c1\u0621 \u0639\u0634\u0642 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ham ne vahshat-kadah-yi bazm-I jah\u0305an men j\u0305un sham\u2018<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sho\u2018lah-yi \u2018ishq ko apn\u0305a sar o \u0305sam\u0305an samjh\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Like a lamp, we have found the flame of love in this world as an asset.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0634\u0642 \u0633\u06d2 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u062a \u0646\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u06c1 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u2018 \u062f\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ishq se tab\u0305I\u2018at ne z\u0305isht k\u0305a mazah p\u0305ay\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dard ki dav\u0305a p\u0305a\u2019\u0305i, dard l\u0305a-dav\u0305a p\u0305ay\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{From love, I got the pleasure of life; medicine for my pain and the pain beyond remedy}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib\u2019s instinct for not allowing love to dominate his rational self, projected yet another powerful attribute associated with love\u200e\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vaf\u0305a <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(fidelity).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535246890\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Vaf\u0305a<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b> \/ <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u0648\u0641\u0627<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>\/<\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b> fidelity<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><b>:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u0628\u0627 \u06c1\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1 \u0633\u06c1\u06cc \u06c1\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u0641\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0633\u06c1\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghair se dekhiye ky\u0305a k\u0305h\u0305ub n\u0305ib\u0305ah\u0305i \u0305us ne<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah sah\u0305i ham se par \u0305us but men vaf\u0305a hai to sahi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The beloved has been loyal to the other and it shows that she can be loyal although not to me.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06c1\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0648\u06c1 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u062c\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0645\u0646\u062f\u06c2 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dahr men naqsh-i vaf\u0305a vajh-i tasall\u0305i nah h\u0305uv\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hai yeh voh lafz jo sharmindah-yi ma\u2018n\u0305i nah h\u0305uv\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Fidelity has never been practised in the world; this word is yet to be deciphered.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib\u2019s<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vaf\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, like his concept of love, has a share in his universal sensitivities and, as such, acquires a common value in social, religious and, generally, in all human value-structures.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535247036\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u06d2 \u0686\u0631\u062e\u2018 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u06d2 \u0639\u06c1\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ai<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>y<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> charkh, kh\u0305ak bar sar-i ta\u2018m\u0305ir-I k\u0305a\u2019in\u0305at<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>lekin bin\u0305ay \u2018ahd-i vaf\u0305a ustv`ar-tar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Construction of the universe be damned; fidelity as its foundation is stronger.)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0633\u062c\u06c1\u0621 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u06be\u0646\u062f\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u06cc\u062e \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u06c1\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah\u0305in kuch subhah o zunn\u0305ar ke phande men g\u0305ir\u0305a\u2019\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vaf\u0305ad\u0305ari men Shaikh o Barhaman k\u0305i \u0305 azm\u0305a\u2019ish hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535247099\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The test of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shaikh<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Brahman<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is not in the extent of their being attached to the rosary and the sacred thread; the real test is in their fidelity (to their respective faiths.)}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Of all the themes, emotions and concepts related to love, Ghalib has adopted <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vafa<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> as the value integrating all other conflicting concepts operating in life.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"western\"><a name=\"_Toc20923274\"><\/a>Ghalib as Thinker<\/h1>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u06d2 \u067e\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062f \u0622\u0632\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0631<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u0633 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0634\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0627\u06ba \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>b\u0305a man may\u0305avez aiy pidar, farzand-i\u0305 Azar ra nigar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>har kas kih shud s\u0305ahib-nazar, d\u0305in-i buzurg\u0305an khush nah kard<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Father! Do not quarrel with me. Look at the son of \u0305Azar (father of Abraham).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Whoever has become a man of vision\/ thinker, did not like the way of thinking of his elders}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A casual look at the Urdu tradition of poetry would show that, besides various other things, it is more sensuous than intellectual. The aesthetic expression of feelings and emotions has been treated as a feature of the merits of poetry. The intellectual contents of poetic creations were given less attention. Whatever intellectual elements are found, they were mostly derived from Sufi themes and concepts and were used for sketching and developing themes of beauty and love. For expressing concepts, derived from personal experiences, help was again taken from mystic themes. In poetry, personal experiences, symbols, similes, and metaphors were used. Ghalib has admitted of such compulsions: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0631\u0686\u0646\u062f \u06c1\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f\u06c2 \u062d\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0641\u062a\u06af\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u06a9\u06c1\u06d2 \u0628\u063a\u06cc\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>har chand ho mush\u0305ahadah-yi haq ki guftg\u0305u<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>bant\u0305i nah\u0305in hai b\u0305adah o s\u0305aghar kahe baghair<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Without using the metaphors of wine and wine-cup, it is not possible to talk about observation of Truth; (similarly) you have to use (metaphors of) the dagger and the stiletto even when the purpose is to talk about the beauty of the beloved.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535393359\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It appears that in the Urdu tradition of poetry, the poets were able to master the art of expressing their experiences and feelings, but there are few instances available of their studying and analysing their experiences and sentiments by detaching and distancing themselves from their own selves. Perhaps, this was the reason why the thought-content of poetry could not become a reference point for appreciation and criticism of poetry. In other words, recreation of themes (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mazm\u0305un \u0305afr\u0305in\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), rather than creation of meanings (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ma\u2018ni\u0305 afr\u0305in\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) was considered the beauty of poetry. In this context, Ghalib appears to occupy a place quite distinct from all others. He has, without intending to, taken thought, intellect and deliberation as his poetic attitude and poetic aesthetics. His poetic analytics is not purely sensuous or sentimental; each experience takes the shape of poetry after going through the chain of intellectual scrutiny:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u06a9\u0634 \u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0648\u06cc \u0632 \u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c \u0622\u0628 \u06a9\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>kash\u0305akash-h\u0305a-yi hast\u0305i se kare ky\u0305a sa\u2018i-yi \u0305az\u0305adi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>huvi zanj`ir-i mauj-i \u0305ab ko fursat rav\u0305an\u0305i k\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{How could a wave of water try to liberate itself from the struggles of existence when compulsion to flow is serving it as a chain!}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535394567\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062d\u062f \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u0626\u06d2 \u0633\u0632\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u06af\u0646\u0627\u06c1 \u06af\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u2018 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535394149\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>had ch\u0305ah\u0305iye saz\u0305a ko \u2018uq\u0305ubat ke v\u0305aste<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>akhir gun\u0305ahgar h\u0305un,k\u0305afir nah\u0305in h\u0305un main<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535394385\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{For punishment, there must be some<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> had<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (clear punishment mentioned in the Qur\u2018an); I am a sinner and not an unbeliever.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Among his disciples, Ghalib was also considered a wise man.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> In showing respect to Ghalib, Mahdi \u2018Ali Majr\u0305uh has emphasized this.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u06c1\u06d2 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">&#8216; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u06ba \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0632\u0627\u06d2 \u0648 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u06a9\u0634\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0632\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u0648\u0646\u06c1 \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u06d2 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06d2 \u0686\u0631\u062e\u0650 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0631\u0627 \u0622\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f\u06c1 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0627\u06ba \u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u062e\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u06c2 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0650 \u0633\u062e\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0632\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u0634\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06c1 \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u06c1\u0645\u06c1 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0639\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u063a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0622\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u062c\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0648 \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0645\u062f\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1 \u0622\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0627 \u067e\u062f \u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0645\u062f\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535395034\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>zahe Ghalib `\u0305an s\u0305ahab-i \u2018aql o r\u0305a\u2019y<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>fir\u0305asat faz\u0305a\u2019y o ghav\u0305amiz kush\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khirad kardah z\u0305in g\u0305unah b\u0305a vay khit\u0305ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kih aiy charkh-i andishah r\u0305a \u0305aft\u0305ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>na-b\u0305udah bar\u0305in s\u0305an \u2018iy\u0305ar-i sukhan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305u afz\u0305udah-yi a\u2018tib\u0305ar-i sukhan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>az\u0305an bastah shud ba t\u0305u paim\u0305an-i \u2018ilm<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>keh z\u0305ahir shaved bar hamah sh\u0305an-i \u2018ilm<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305u qufl-i khirad r\u0305a kil\u0305id \u0305amad\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah\u0305 as\u0305an darin ja pad\u0305id \u0305amad\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Ghalib is a thinker of a high order with great intellect and his knowledge bears this out. You have the key for opening the lock of intellect.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib is as important as Plato and Aristotle:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0686\u0646\u0627\u06ba \u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u0627\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06c1 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0648\u06ba \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0633\u062a \u0637\u0641\u0644 \u062f\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0634\u062f\u06c1 \u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>chun\u0305an r\u0305az- sarbastah-ash r\u0305a kush\u0305ad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kih r\u0305uh-i Fal\u0305at\u0305un shaved sh\u0305ad sh\u0305ad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Arast\u0305u-st tifl-i dabist\u0305an-i \u0305u<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shudah \u2018aql-i avval san\u0305a-khva\u0305n-i \u0305u<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{He revealed hidden secrets in a way that would have gladdened the spirit of Plato. Aristotle is a child in his school and the First Intelligence is all praise for him.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">According to Shaikh M\u0305uhammad Ikr\u0305am, Ghalib\u2019s ultimate objective was not merely aesthetic creation but unmasking Reality<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. He considered himself first as a thinker and a knower of Reality.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631 \u0622\u0628 \u0648\u06af\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>man, nah ham\u0305in paikar-i\u0305 ab v gilam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>r\u0305az fir\u0305av\u0305an buvad andar dilam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib, in his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>masnavi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Mughanni Namah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, had fully explained the contribution of reason and intellect in the formation of his poetic personality. He was aware of the tension between poetic impulse and the demands of reason. Not only this, by including the eternal element, suffering (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gham<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) into poetry and intellect, he manages to create ways for survival of his poetic life. Poetry, intellect, and suffering remain in their own circles; these circles are not static but dynamic and are seen felt as mingling into each other. <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u06af\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0646\u06c2 \u06af\u0648\u06c1\u0631 \u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sukhan garcheh ganj\u0305inah-yi gauhar ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khirad ra vale t\u0305abishe d\u0305igar ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Although poetry is a treasure full of pearls, reason has its own resplendence.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0646\u0634 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0627\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u06ba \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06af\u0627\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bah pair\u0305ahanash \u0305in kuhan k\u0305arg\u0305ah<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ba-d\u0305anish tu\u0305an d\u0305asht \u0305a\u2019\u0305in nigh\u0305ah<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Only by intellect can this old world be disciplined.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06d2 \u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u062f\u2018 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>buvad bastage r\u0305a kush\u0305ad az khirad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sare mard kh\u0305ale mab\u0305ad az khirad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Reason can solve all problems, Man must always be in the company of reason.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0650 \u0633\u062d\u0631 \u06af\u0627\u06c1\u0650 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0686\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0634\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>farogh-i sahar-g\u0305ah-i r\u0305uh\u0305aniy\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>char\u0305agh-i shabist\u0305an-i Y\u0305un\u0305aniy\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Reason is the brightness of the morning of the spiritual persons, and the lamp in the nights of the Greeks.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u06af\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0631\u0627\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06c1 \u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06c1 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1 \u0631\u062e\u0634\u0627 \u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0642 \u0632\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u062c\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0632\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0650 \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0627 \u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0632\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06d2 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06a9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06d2 \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u06c1\u0631 \u0630\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u06ba \u0622\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06af\u06c1 \u0633\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0650 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0628\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u0627\u0632\u0622\u06ba \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>pag\u0305ahe kih posh\u0305idah r\u0305uy\u0305an-i r\u0305az<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>bah khamy\u0305azah justand az khv\u0305ab-i n\u0305az<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>zab\u0305ani kih rakhsh\u0305ani-yi barq zad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>sar\u0305apardah josh-i anash-Sharq zad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>nakhust\u0305in nam\u0305ud\u0305ar-i hasti gar\u0305ae<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>khirad b\u0305ud k\u0305amad siy\u0305ahi zad\u0305ae<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>bah paim\u0305anh\u0305ae nazar n\u0305ur-i p\u0305ak<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>num\u0305udand qismat bar ajz\u0305a\u2019e kh\u0305ak<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ze har zarrah k\u0305an \u0305aft\u0305abi shaved<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>nigah sar-khush-i k\u0305amy\u0305abi shaved<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>han\u0305uzam dar \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah-yi rang bast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>khay\u0305ale az \u0305an \u0305alam-i n\u0305ur hast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{At the dawn of creation, a call was given by Reason, \u2018I am the East\u2019. It was Reason that was the first creation in the world of Existence; and it dispelled darkness. The pure illumination of reason was distributed among the particles of dust according to the scales of their intellect. The intellect celebrates its triumph from all particles illuminated by this sun. To date, in my mirror are reflected the shadows of the same universe of enlightenment.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0641\u0650 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u0650 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u06ba \u0636\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06c1 \u0686\u0648\u06ba \u0631\u06cc\u06af \u0631\u062e\u0634\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u062e\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0650 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06af\u0631\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0631\u06af\u0650 \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06c1 \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u06af \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>kaf-i kh\u0305ak-i man z\u0305an zi\u0305a gustarast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>kih ch\u0305un reg-i rakhsh\u0305an ba-anjum-garast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>kase k\u0305u dam az raoshn\u0305a\u2019\u0305i zanad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ba-khud f\u0305al-i d\u0305anish San\u0305a\u2019i zanad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>dar\u0305in pardah khud r\u0305a sat\u0305a\u0305ish-garast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>kih d\u0305anand mardum <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">kih<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> d\u0305anishvar ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khirad juyam ar khud buvad marg- man<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bah hasti khirad bas buvad barg-i man<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Due to the eternal illumination of reason, I have become the illuminator who produces stars like shining particles, one who lays claims to the intellect of enlightenment and who admires and appreciates reason. On this pretext, he admires himself too, so that the people may acknowledge him as an intellectual. If I die in search of reason, even then Iwould continue this search. In my life, reason is enough for me.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">He would not mind even if religious belief fell victim to reason; it is not a crime or sin since reason is also a creation of God.:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0686\u06c1 \u062c\u0631\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0622\u0633\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u06cc\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0646 \u0632\u062a\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mar\u0305a cheh jurm gar and\u0305ishah \u0305asm\u0305an paim\u0305ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah tezg\u0305ami-yi tausan ze t\u0305azianah-yi tust?<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{I am not responsible if intellect is all-pervading.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Is not the swiftness of the steed due to your whipping?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The inevitability of Intellect for identification of reality has always been emphasised by Ghalib. This is not only a poetic statement; he has wholeheartedly welcomed the administrative and legal trends ushered in by the British Indian government. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535397157\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A very clear expression of an assessment is found in the review (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>taqr\u0305iz<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) Ghalib wrote at Syed Ahmad Khan\u2019s request on the latter\u2019s edited version of the, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u0305A\u2019\u0305in Akbari<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, compiled by Abul Fazl, a minister of the Mughal emperor, Akbar.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> However, Syed Ahmad Kh\u0305an found that he could not publish it due to Ghalib\u2019s critical remarks on ignoring the big changes taking place in India and bringing out a work that was totally irrelevant to the demands of the day. Could this rebuke of Ghalib be one of the factors that, about twenty-five years later, shaped Syed Ahmad Kh\u0305an as the most distinguished modernist thinker and reformist of Indian Muslims taking up the complex task of socio-economic rehabilitation of Indian Muslims post 1857? It could not be overemphasized that Ghalib the poet-intellectual was first among the intellectual leaders to take note of the potential of the new academic, scientific, and administrative measures introduced by the British colonial regime to take medieval India into modern age\u200e\u2014reforms essentially made for governance of the plural Indian societies. Rational and intellectual study and analysis was an integral part of Ghalib\u2019s poetics. The central point of this assessment is that it was futile to revive dead things; the gaze must be on the facts of the present. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u2019\u2019\u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u2018\u2018 \u0631\u0627\u0626 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0646\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0634\u0645\u0646\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062f\u064e\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06af\u0631\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0646\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0653\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0653\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u06c1 \u062c\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0653\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u062e\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06a9\u0633 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0653\u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u062e\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0639<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u06c1 \u0631\u0627\u0686\u06c1 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0627\u064f\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06af\u0641\u062a\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062a\u0627\u0686\u06c1 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06af\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062e\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0686\u0634\u0645 \u0628\u06a9\u0634\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06c1\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u064e\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0634\u06cc\u0648\u06c1 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u064e\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062a\u0627 \u0686\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u06c1\u0627 \u067e\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0627 \u0646\u0686\u06c1 \u06c1\u0631 \u06af\u0632 \u06a9\u0633 \u0646\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u06c1\u0646\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u06c1\u0646\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0633\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a \u2019\u2019\u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u2018\u2018 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06a9\u0633 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0644\u06a9 \u0628\u06c1 \u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u06c1\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06c1\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0635\u062f \u06af\u0648\u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0622 \u062a\u0634\u06cc \u06a9\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u06af \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0646\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u062e\u0633 \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062a\u0627\u0686\u06c1 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062f\u064f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06af\u06c1\u06c1 \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06af\u06c1\u06c1 \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u06c1\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0628\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u063a\u0644\u062a\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0646\u0631\u06c1 \u06af\u0627\u0648 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0646\u063a\u0645\u06c1 \u06c1\u0627 \u0628\u06cc \u0632\u062e\u0645\u064e\u06c1 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u064e\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u067e\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0653\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0653\u0631\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0632 \u0635\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u0648\u06c1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0653\u062a\u0634 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u062e\u0634\u062f \u0628\u064e\u0627\u062f \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u06af\u0631 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u06c1 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062e\u0634\u0646\u062f\u06c1 \u0628\u064e\u0627\u063a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0634\u06c1\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u06af\u0634\u062a\u06c1 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0628 \u0628\u06d2 \u0686\u0631\u0627\u063a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u06c1\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062f\u0631 \u06c1\u0631 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u062f \u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u064e\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06c1\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646\u06c1\u0654 \u0628\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u0648\u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0646\u063a\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0646\u062c \u06af\u06c1\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0633\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062e\u0648\u0634\u06c1 \u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0633\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0637\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u06c1\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0645\u064f\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u06af\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062c\u0632 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0648\u0634\u06cc \u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u0634\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06af\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u06c1\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0651\u062f \u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0650 \u062a\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u06af\u0632\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0653\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u0650 \u062a\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u064e\u0627\u067e\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u06c1\u0654 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u06c1\u0646\u06af \u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u0633\u06cc\u0651\u062f \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u062c\u0646\u06af \u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u06c1\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064e\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"ur-PK\">\u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064e\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vin kih dar tash\u0305ih-i \u2018\u0305A\u0305in\u201d r\u0305ay \u0305ust<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nang o \u2018\u0305ar\u0305-i himmat-i v\u0305al\u0305a-yi\u0305 ust<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>man kih \u0305a\u2019\u0305in-i riy\u0305a r\u0305a dushmanam<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dar vaf\u0305a and\u0305azah-d\u0305an-i khud manam<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gar bad\u0305in k\u0305arash nagoyam \u0305afr\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>j\u0305ai \u0305an d\u0305arad kih joyam \u0305afr\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>b\u0305a bad-\u0305a\u0305in\u0305an na-m\u0305anam dar sukhan<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kas na-d\u0305anad \u0305ancheh d\u0305anam dar sukhan<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kas ma-khar b\u0305ashad ba-g\u0305it\u0305i \u0305in mat\u0305a \u2018<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khv\u0305ajah ra cheh b\u0305ud umm\u0305id intiq\u0305a \u2018<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>guftah b\u0305ashad k\u0305in gar\u0305ami daftar ast<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305a cheh b\u0305inad k\u0305an bad\u0305idan darkhur ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gar ze \u0305a\u0305in m\u0305iravad b\u0305a m\u0305a sukhan<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>chashm bakush\u0305ad andar\u0305in dair-i kuhan<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>s\u0305ahib\u0305an-i Inglist\u0305an r\u0305a nigar<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shevah o and\u0305az-i \u0305inn\u0305an r\u0305a nigar<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305a cheh \u0305a\u0305inh\u0305a pad\u0305id \u0305avurdah and<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>an cheh hargiz kas nad\u0305id \u0305avurdah and<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>zin hunarmand\u0305an hunar b\u0305ish\u0305i giraft<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sa\u2018\u0305yi bar paishiniy\u0305an b\u0305ish\u0305i giraft<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haq-i\u0305 in qaumast \u201c\u0305a\u0305in\u201d d\u0305ashtan<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kas nay\u0305arad mulk bah z\u0305in d\u0305ashtan<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305ad o d\u0305anish r\u0305a baham paivastah-and<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Hind ra sad g\u0305unah \u0305a\u0305\u0305in bastah-and<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>atishe kaz sang b\u0305ir\u0305un avarand<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>`in hunarmand\u0305an ze khas chun \u0305avarand<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305a cheh afs\u0305un khv\u0305andah-and \u0305in\u0305an bar \u0305ab<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305ud-i kishti ra hami r\u0305anad dar \u0305ab<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gah dukh\u0305an kishti ba-J\u0305ih\u0305un mi burad<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gah dukh\u0305an, gard\u0305un ba-h\u0305am\u0305un mi burad<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghaltak-i gard\u0305un ba-gard\u0305anad dukh\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>narha g\u0305ao o asp ra m\u0305anad dukh\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>naghmah\u0305a be-zakhmah az s\u0305az \u0305avarand<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>harf ch\u0305un t\u0305a\u2019ir ba-parv\u0305az avarand<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>b\u0305in, nami b\u0305in\u0305i kih \u0305in d\u0305an\u0305a garoh<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dar do dam \u0305arand harf az sad karoh<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mizanad \u0305atish ba b\u0305ad andar hami<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mi darakhshad b\u0305ad ch\u0305un akhgar hami<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>r\u0305u bah Landan kandar\u0305an rakhshandah b\u0305agh<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shahr raushan gashtah dar shab be-char\u0305agh<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u0305arob\u0305ar-i mardum-i hushy\u0305ar b\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dar har \u0305a\u2019\u0305in sad nau \u0305a\u2019\u0305in k\u0305ar b\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>paish \u0305in \u0305a\u2019\u0305in kih d\u0305arad rozg\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gashtah \u0305a\u2019\u0305in-i digar taqv\u0305im-i p\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ch\u0305un chun\u0305in ganj-i guhar b\u0305inad kase<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khoshah z\u0305an khirman par\u0305achinad kase<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tarz-i tahrirash agar go\u0305i khush ast<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ni fuz`\u0305un az harcheh mi-jo\u0305i khush ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>murdah parvardan, Mubarak k\u0305ar n\u0305\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khud bago k\u0305an n\u0305iz juz guft\u0305ar n\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ghalib! \u0305a\u2019\u0305in-i kham\u0305ushi dilkash ast<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gar cheh khush gufti, naguftan ham khushast<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dar jah\u0305an Sayyid-parasti d\u0305in-i tust<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>az san\u0305a begzar, du\u2018\u0305a \u0305 ain-i tust<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>in sar\u0305ap\u0305a farrah o farhang r\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Syed Ahmad Khan \u2018\u0305Arif Jang r\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>harcheh khv\u0305ahad az Khud\u0305a mauj\u0305ud b\u0305ad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>pesh-i k\u0305arash t\u0305ala\u2018-yi mas\u2018\u0305ud b\u0305ad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Editing <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u0305A\u2019\u0305in-i Akbari<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is just a small chore in relation to Syed Ahmad Kh\u0305an\u2019s capability. I am totally against hypocrisy. If I do not praise this work, my candour should be appreciated. I do not know what he hoped to achieve by taking it up. Syed Ahmad Kh\u0305an would have done better by turning his attention to the administrative systems and infrastructure brought in by the British. They have integrated reason with justice. And look at their technological overhauling: steam engines run trains and ships; the telegraph conveys messages over long distances in a few seconds. Go to England and see how gas lamps illuminate its cities.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">And Ghalib makes his key point:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Worshipping the dead is futile. It (\u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>A\u2019\u0305in-i Akbari)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is nothing more than mere words. But, then, he tactfully tones down his critique, telling himself: \u2018What you have said is good but it should better have remained unsaid. Your way if not to admire, is to respect Syed Ahmad Kh\u0305an, \u2018\u0305Arif Jang is wisdom and grandeur incarnate. I wish him all success.\u2019} <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">This is a versified statement by Ghalib on the momentous changes taking place in India at that time. The statement shows how open Ghalib was to knowledge and other systems. His intellectual poetics reflect the need to shed old ways and critically assess, adapt, and adopt the new.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Going back to Ghalib, the question is how can poetry and reason coexist? He is of the view that reason does not belong to the realm of poetry and yet whatever is there in poetry can be gauged through reason only.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06c1\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u0648\u06c1\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0631\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632 \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u06af\u0646\u062c \u06af\u0648\u06be\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0622\u06ba \u067e\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0637\u0644\u0633\u0645\u06d2 \u0632 \u0622\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sukhan gar cheh paigh\u0305am-i r\u0305az \u0305avurad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sar\u0305ud archeh dar ihtiz\u0305az \u0305avurad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khirad d\u0305anad \u0305in gauharin dar kush\u0305ad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ze maghz-i sukhan ganj-i gauhar kush\u0305ad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khirad d\u0305anad \u0305an pardah bar s\u0305az bast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bar\u0305amish tilisme ze \u0305av\u0305az bast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Although poetry opens up the heart, and song creates enthusiasm, it is only reason that opens the golden door to the treasury of pearls. It is reason that places music on the instrument and creates the magic of sound by instruments<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>.}<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For Ghalib, intellect and poetry are inseparable.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u06c1\u2018 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u06d2 \u0627\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06d2 \u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sukhan b\u0305adah, andishah m\u0305in\u0305a-yi \u0305u<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>zab\u0305an be-sukhan l\u0305a\u2019y b\u0305al\u0305a\u2019y \u0305u<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Poetry is wine and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>andishah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is its bottle; without poetry language is no more than a strainer of words.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0638\u06c1\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u06af\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u067e\u0630\u0631\u0641\u062a\u06c1 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u06af\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u06af\u0646\u062c\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0634 \u0628\u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0632 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0632\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064f\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0646\u06af\u06c1 \u0630\u0648\u0642\u0650 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064f\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khirad kardah dar khud zuh\u0305ure digar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dil az d\u0305idah pazraftah n\u0305ure digar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ze ganje kih b\u0305inash ba-v\u0305ir\u0305anah rekht<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dar \u0305af\u0305aq tarhe pari-khanah rekht<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ze d\u0305udan ze \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah zang\u0305ar burd<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ze d\u0305anish nigah zauq-i did\u0305ar burd<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{In<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">telligence has produced, in its own being, a different illumination; the treasure which insight has thrown in the wilderness has caused beauty and ornamentation in the world; the mirror was cleaned and the eye developed the image for a vision of God.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0634 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0626\u06d2 \u0622\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0634 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khirad kardah \u2018unv\u0305an-i b\u0305inash durust<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>raqam sanji-yi \u0305afr\u0305inash durust<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{It is intelligence that shapes the nature of the sight and shapes the nature of the universe.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0650 \u062e\u0631\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u06c2 \u0627\u06cc\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>farogh-i khirad fatrah-yi \u0305izadaist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khuda n\u0305a-shan\u0305ashi ze n\u0305a-khiradaist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The illumination of intelligence is the grace of God; if man does not know God, then it would be irrational.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0626\u06cc\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0626\u06cc\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u062f\u0645 \u0632\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Intellect knows its wisdom and action knows its power; when intelligence started thinking, it was named insight; and when it appeared in action it became effective.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib considers intelligence also effective in human sentiments and morality.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0686\u0646\u0627\u06ba \u0633\u0637\u0648\u062a\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u0632\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u062e\u0634\u0645 \u0648 \u0622\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06c1 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u06af\u0631\u06af \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0650 \u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u062a \u062f\u06c1\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u0634 \u0628\u06c1 \u0639\u0641\u062a \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u062a \u062f\u06c1\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06d2 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">chun\u0305an sitvatash r\u0305a zub\u0305un khashm o \u0305az<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">kih farm\u0305an-i \u0305u burdah gurg o gar\u0305az<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">ghazab r\u0305a nish\u0305at-i shaj\u0305a\u2018at dehad<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">ze khv\u0305ahish bah \u2018iffat qin\u0305a\u2018at dehad<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">mansh-h\u0305a-yi sh\u0305a\u2019\u0305ishtah \u2018\u0305adat shaved<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">nazar k\u0305imiy\u0305ay-yi sa\u2018\u0305adat shaved<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Anger and greed, both, are victims of intelligence; wolf and swine always obey it. Anger is changed by intelligence into the joy of bravery and control of passion makes it contented. In this way, attributes of rational behaviour become human habit and thinking a source of happiness.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">In the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Masnavi<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, Ghalib has, so far, explained the relationship between poetry and intellect. However, the relationship of his sensuous experiences in the material world with reason and poetry emerges as follows and that is his centre of anxiety, namely sorrow (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>gham<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><b>Gham<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u063a\u0645<\/b><\/span><\/span><b> <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><b>:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">Ghalib says that his intellect is not born of philosophy but of his suffering.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u063a\u0645 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0639\u0632\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u063a\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0632\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0634\u062a\u0650 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0632\u062e\u2018 \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u06c1\u0634\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ba-d\u0305anish gham \u0305amozg\u0305ar-i manast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>khiz\u0305an-i \u2018az\u0305iz\u0305an bah\u0305ar-i manast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ghame kaz azal dar sarisht-i manast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>buvad dozakh, amma bahisht-i manast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{It is suffering that has taught me reason and intellect. The suffering that destroys my friends is spring for me. It has been in my nature since eternity. Even hell is my paradise.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">The sorrow Ghalib received from intellect became his guide in poetry:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u063a\u0645 \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>bad\u0305in j\u0305adah kand\u0305ishah paim\u0305udah ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>gham-i Khizr r\u0305ah-i sukhan b\u0305udah ast <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{On the path of poetry as recommended by intellect, suffering is my guide.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">That is, the poetic life of Ghalib is born of grief and suffering. They have formed his intellect and, thus, in turn, further shaped his poetic life:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u0650 \u062f\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u06d2 \u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u06a9\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0648 \u0627\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u067e\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u06d2 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06c1 \u0646\u0634\u06af\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062d\u06cc \u0648 \u06c1\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>man az khvishtan b\u0305a dil-i dardmand<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nav\u0305a\u2019y ghazal bar kash\u0305idah buland<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghazal r\u0305a ch\u0305u az man nav\u0305a\u2019i ras\u0305id<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ze v\u0305al\u0305a pas\u0305ije baj\u0305a\u2019i ras\u0305id<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kih nashguft k\u0305in khusrav\u0305ani sar\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shaved<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"><i> vah\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> o ham bar man \u0305ayad fur\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{I have raised the voice of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghazal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> from my grief-stricken heart. When the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghazal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> took up my tune, it reached such a high note that it would not be surprising if it turns into revelation and then descends on me.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He is not unhappy with suffering since it is a gift of the intellect:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u06a9\u0648\u06c1 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0632\u063a\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0686\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0632 \u063a\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nash\u0305ayad kih man shikvah sanjam ze gham<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khirad ranjad az man ch\u0305u ranjam ze gham<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535398676\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{It does not suit me to complain of suffering; if I do not accept suffering, intellect would be displeased with me. This,then, is another reason for befriending suffering.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0686\u0631 \u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0632\u062e\u0645\u06c1 \u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0686\u0646\u06af \u0632\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06c1\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u0622\u06c1\u0646\u06af \u0632\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0646\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0634\u06cc \u067e\u0646\u06c1\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0627<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"> \u0632\u0631 \u0646\u06c1 \u0632\u062e\u0634\u0645 \u062c\u0627 \u0645\u06c1 \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u06af \u0631\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>chargar kih zakhmah <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ze <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>zakhm bar chang zanad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>paid\u0305ast kih az ba-harcheh \u0305ahang zanad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dar pardah-yi na-khushi khushi pinh\u0305anast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>g\u0305azar, nah ze khashm j\u0305amah bar sang zanad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535398994\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Happiness is hidden in suffering. The instrument is sounded to create music.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u063a\u0645\u06c1 \u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u063a\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u06d2 \u062f\u0644 \u063a\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06d2 \u0635\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06af\u0627 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u0646\u062c \u0633\u06d2 \u062e\u0648\u06af\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0679 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0631\u0646\u062c<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u067e\u0691\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062c\u06be \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0622\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>naghmah-h\u0305a\u2019y gham ko bhi aiy dil ghanimat j\u0305ani\u2019ye<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>be-sad\u0305a hoj\u0305a\u2019ig\u0305a yeh s\u0305az-i hasti aik din<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ranj se khugar huv\u0305a in\u0305san to mit j\u0305at\u0305a hai ranj<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mushkilen mujh par par\u0305in itni keh \u0305as\u0305an hoga\u2019\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535399101\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{O heart! Consider the songs of suffering a blessing; this instrument of being is going to be mute one day; when man becomes habituated to suffering, suffering is wiped out. So many difficulties befell me that they became easy.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Nevertheless, as bearing and accepting suffering cannot be rational acts, Ghalib also, becomes deeply distressed.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0644 \u06c1\u06cc \u062a\u0648 \u06c1\u06d2\u2018 \u0646\u06c1 \u0633\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u062e\u0634\u062a\u2018 \u062f\u0631\u062f \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u0631\u0646\u06c1 \u0622\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2 \u06c1\u0645 \u06c1\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u2018 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0642\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u063a\u0645\u2018 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0622\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u063a\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dil hi to hai nah sang o khisht, dard se bhar nah \u0305a\u2019ey kiy\u0305un<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ro\u2019enge ham haz\u0305ar b\u0305ar, ko\u0305i hamen sat\u0305a\u2019y kiy\u0305un<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>qaid-i hay\u0305at o band-i gham, asl men donon aik hain<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>maut se pahle \u0305admi gham se naj\u0305at p\u0305a\u2019y kiy\u0305un<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{It is after all, heart and not stone or brick; so why shouldn\u2019t it fill up with grief? We will weep a thousand times, why should someone pester us so? Chains of being and grief are the same; and only death brings deliverance and relief.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0634 \u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u0648\u0632\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0633\u06cc\u06c1 \u0634\u062f \u0633\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>naom\u0305idi-yi m\u0305a gardish-i ayy\u0305am nad\u0305arad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>roze kih si\u0305ah shud, sahr o sh\u0305am nad\u0305arad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Our hopelessness does not hold any chance of change; the day that has turned dark has no dawn or evening.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It appears that while Ghalib does not allow reason to interfere with suffering he, at the same time, is not prepared to let life to be dominated by suffering. He wants to see suffering and intellect as complementary and not as adversaries. In this, sometimes he succeeds and sometimes fails. Let us remind ourselves that Ghalib is not a philosopher in the strict sense; he is a poet also and, therefore, it would be unwise to expect logical or philosophical consistency in the creative artist.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u063a\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u2018 \u063a\u0645 \u06af\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u063a\u0645\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06c1 \u0628\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u063a\u0645\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ba-gham khush-dilam, gham-gus\u0305aram ghamast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bah be d\u0305anish\u0305i pardah-d\u0305aram ghamast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{I am happy with my suffering. Suffering is my sympathiser and conceals my lack of intellect.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Zoe Ans\u0305ar\u0305i opines that a direct connect between suffering and intellect protects the poet from forced versification.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u063a\u0645 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0632\u0627\u06ba\u0650 \u0639\u0632\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bah d\u0305anish gham \u0305amozg\u0305ar-i manast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khiz\u0305an-i \u2018aziz\u0305an bah\u0305ar-i manast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{By virtue of intellect, suffering is my teacher; the autumn of my dear ones is a spring for me.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535399745\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">We are now in a position to appreciate Ghalib. From the point of view of active intellect, is suffering in the everyday world\u2014fighting for his pension, flirting with a <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>domini<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (a professional woman singer), offering various interpretations of Islamic beliefs and, at the same time, jumping from this illusory stage, to a high point of moulding his experiences of relationship with Absolute Reality into his poetry. But, in the process of establishing harmony between illusion and reality, a new problem pops up.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">The created world also includes the aspect of reason that Ghalib calls <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>andishah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (thinking, deliberation). Now, it so happens that in the integration of illusion and Absolute Reality, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>andishah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> infuses an element of conflict as well. Since Ghalib is looking at all that is happening free from any physical or metaphysical discipline, no question arises of imposing restrictions on his intellect or of drawing any line confining his belief-system. Both have been left free, something not normally possible for anyone. Moreover, he is not apologetic for confronting belief with intellect. His intellect saves him from the concept of illusory Existential Unity. It has made Ghalib aware of the existence of the observer (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>sh\u0305ahid<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">) in Existential Unity. Ghalib welcomes this outcome.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06c1\u0631 \u062c\u0632 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06c1 \u0621 \u06cc\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dahr juz jalvah-yi yakt\u0305a\u2019\u0305i-yi ma\u2018sh\u0305uq nah\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ham kah\u0305an hote agar husn nah hota khud-b\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The world is nothing except the phenomenon of unity of the beloved (God); had Beauty (God) not been self-observant, we would not have existed.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Like Bedil, his intellectual and spiritual mentor, Ghalib, too, was a sort of a protester against all traditional, familiar, and irrational views, concepts and values in life as well as in the Urdu\/ Persian literary tradition. He did not care for the etiquette and the cultural norms of the decaying Muslim culture of north India. This attitude was certainly out of line in 19<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> century South Asia. An uncompromising intellect was the chief architect of his uniqueness and that of his poetry. The poetry is a fascinating epic of the conflict between the norms of existing society and his own value-system. His <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masnavi Shashum <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is an important chapter of this epic. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535400045\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masnavi <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shows, in terms of active intellect Ghalib is suffering in the material world. As has been repeatedly pointed out, he has been fighting for his pension, flirting with a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>domini<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, and interpreting Islamic beliefs. Amidst this, as he pointed out, he elevates himself from this illusionary level to a higher level of converting experiences of his relationship with an indivisible real existence into his poetry. However, while harmonising reality with illusion he faces another problem. The rational world also includes instrument\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>malakah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of Reason that he calls, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>andishah <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(reflection, thinking). Reflection, amidst the harmony between absolute reality and illusionary reality has created a powerful element of disharmony as well. Taking a position independent of every physical and metaphysical paradigm, no question arises of Ghalib fixing frontiers for his beliefs nor of reining in his ways of deliberation. He has set both of them totally free nor is he apologetic for reflection confronting belief. His being capable of reflection saves Ghalib from falling prey to the illusory concept of Existential Unity. It has also helped prove the existence of an external observer (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sh\u0305ahid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Ghalib accepts this outcome. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">However, he finds himself not fully comfortable with certain implications of Existential Unity and raises a question: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u06c1\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u06c1\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062d\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>asl-i shuh\u0305ud o sh\u0305ahid o mashh\u0305ud aik hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hair\u0305an h\u0305un phir musahadah hai kis his\u0305ab men<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The essence of the phenomena, the observer, and what is observed being the same, I wonder how to account for \u2018(the act of) observation\u2019!}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Continuing with his intellectual curiosity, Ghalib identifies <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>andishah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (reflection) as an effective tool for discovering reality, even if it is limited to the realm of \u2018the felt\u2019<\/span><i> <\/i><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mahsus<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c2 \u0631\u0627\u0632\u0633\u062a\u2018 \u0686\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u2018 \u0686\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u2018 \u0628\u06c1 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>a\u0305lam \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah-yi r\u0305az ast, cheh paid\u0305a, cheh nih\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305ab-i andishah nah d\u0305ari, ba-nig\u0305ahe dary\u0305ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The mirror shows the world\u200e\u2014secret or visible; if you lack the vigour of intellect, take pleasure in looking at it.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u062f\u06be\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u0627 \u0634\u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u067e\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>manzar ek buland\u0305i par aur ham ban\u0305a sakte<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>arsh se udhar hot\u0305a k\u0305ashke mak\u0305an apna<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Had our house been away from God\u2019s seat, we could have formed another phenomenon on a much higher plane!}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Looking at the faith and the world from outside, one is released from the bonds of Time. Such an attitude would be above all time-created taints, attributes, customs and traditions. This is the attitude of Ghalib regarding issues related to religion which shocks and provokes those holding traditional and popular approaches and fascinates or provokes thinking. From such an outside platform along with Ghalib, the physical and the metaphysical worlds would appear quite different and Ghalib\u2019s intellectual concerns regarding Existential Unity and other related issues would, to a large extent, become comprehensible.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">While discussing interpretations of certain issues like <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(unbelief) and Islam, the status of the human ego, reward and punishment, we should not forget that we are addressing Ghalib the poet and not Ghalib the philosopher Ghalib who does not exist. Investigating intellectual content in poetry is an indispensable part of the evaluation of poetry. If we look for social, religious or political-religious themes in, for instance, other classical Urdu poets like M\u0305ir (1723-1810), Saud\u0305a (d.1824), Nazir Akbar\u0305ab\u0305adi (1735-1830) or Muhammad Iqb\u0305al (1877-1938), it does not mean that we want to redesignate them as social reformers or politicians. If a high-level concept flows into a couplet, it is a process of transformation of a beautiful creation into an aesthetic value. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u0631\u06c1\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0645 \u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u06d2 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u063a\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u06c1\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>go main raha rah\u0305in-i sitamh\u0305a-yi rozg\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>lekin tire khay\u0305al se ghafil nah\u0305in rah\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Although every day I was with torments, you remained constantly in my thoughts. In other words, though beset with the oppression of society, in his mind\u2019s gaze, Ghalib never lost sight of his beloved.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This couplet represents both aesthetic and intellectual values.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u06a9\u06cc\u06ba \u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u063a\u0641\u0644\u062a \u06c1\u06d2\u2018 \u0686\u06c1 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0686\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305af-i tamk\u0305in ghalat o naf\u2018-i \u2018ib\u0305adat ma\u2018l\u0305um<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>durd-i yak s\u0305aghar-i ghaflat hai, che duny\u0305a o che d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Claims to worldly positions are wrong and outcome of prayers is nothing;(the fact is) the world and the faith are both merely imaginary.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Meaning, the intellectual content of poetry, is a constituent element of aesthetic value. Aesthetic values extend the life of art and literarture many times over. However, general acceptance of an artist does not depend on the presence of aesthetic values only; there may be some other factors involved as well. In Ghalib, demand for aesthetic value-creation is very intense. Among other Urdu poets like Quli Qutb Sh\u0305ah (d.1612), Saud\u0305a (1713-1781), Mushafi (d.1824), Makhd\u0305um Muh\u0305iudd\u0305in (1908-1969) or Faiz Ahmad Faiz (1911-1984), aesthetic values may be found along with intellectual content, but the demand for value-creation is much less. It is perhaps only in Iqbal that we find the intensity of the sort matching Ghalib. The theme of creation of aesthetic values has been raised here since Ghalib has produced his intellectual concerns as aesthetic values; this was not a conscious act, intellect is a part of the aesthetical. Let us have a look at these aesthetic values.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Kuf<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i><b>r \/ <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><b> <\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u06a9\u0641\u0631<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>\/ Unbelief<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0641\u0631 \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f \u062c\u0632 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u067e\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u0634\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u2018 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0648 \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr-o-d\u0305in ch\u0305ist, juz \u0305al\u0305a\u2019ish-i pind\u0305ar-i vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>p\u0305ak shau p\u0305ak, kih ham kufr-i t\u0305u d\u0305in-i t\u0305u shavad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{What is unbelief or religion except a pollution of pride of Existence? Purify yourself in a way that unbelief becomes your faith.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The phrase, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u0305al\u0305a\u2019ish-i vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is unique and contains a world of meanings, especially when purification of Existence leads to transformation of unbelief into belief. This phrase has been used in another couplet:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0631\u062f \u067e\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u06c1 \u06af\u0630\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>gard-i pind\u0305ar-i vuj\u0305ud az rahguzar khv\u0305ahad nashist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bahr-i tauh\u0305id-i \u2018iy\u0305ani maujzan khv\u0305ahad shudan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The deceptive dust of pride of Existential pride will disappear, and only one Being will be everywhere.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib argues that both believers and non-believers are polluted by pride in Existence. In fact, to differentiate between unbelief and belief and between faith and the world amounts to the division of Existence which is no less than the sin of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shirk<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u200e\u2014association of another thing with God. That is, to believe in Existence as God is a fundamental aesthetic value. The prevalence of the concept of Existential Unity in the poetry of Ghalib or in Persian and Urdu poetry is due to this same paradigm of aesthetic value-creation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535401384\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535403245\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535403429\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535403704\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Several terms of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tasavvuf<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and Islamic jurisprudence are found in Ghalib\u2019s poetry with enough space for their non-terminological understanding as well. Some exmples are:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> had<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (punishments for certain bad acts mentioned in the Qur\u2018an), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>saz\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (punishments) for other acts, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018uq\u0305ub\u0305at, mak\u0305an, lat\u0305afat, kas\u0305afat, shuh\u0305ud, sh\u0305ahid, mashh\u0305ud, mush\u0305ahidah, asl v fr\u0305u\u2018, tamann\u0305a, \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah, zang\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and so on. He has used the term, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, not in Islamic jurisprudential terms but in a mystical sense. H\u0305ali has also drawn attention to this element.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Mujaddid Alf Sani has explained it in one of his letters. Referring to Ba Yazid Bistami\u2019s exclamation, \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>subh\u0305ani m\u0305a a\u2019zam sh\u0305ani<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d and of Mansur Hallaj\u2019s phrase, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>an al-Haq, <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">he says that in a state forgetfulness (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>h\u0305al<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) they did not perceive their own existence or that of creation; they saw only God. Had they perceived their own essence and uttered these words then it would have amounted to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (unbelief). When one reaches the stage of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haqqul yaq\u0305in <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(real certitude) from the stage of \u2018<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ainul yaq\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (inner essence of certitude), the opposition of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> does not sustain itself and their <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ilm<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (epistemology) becomes epistemology of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, itself.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">8<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> In another letter, he says that for some, Existential Unity is due to excessive practice of contemplation and they understand the meaning of the phrase, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a il\u0305ahah ill\u0305a Allah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, in the sense of, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>l\u0305a mauj\u0305ud ill\u0305a Allah.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> \u201cSince this state of unity of God (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tauh\u0305id<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> ) is made by the Sufis themselves in the predominance of love of the beloved (God) they do not see anything else existing. Such people should be excused; to abuse them is not only futile, but also uncalled for.\u201d <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">9<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Mujaddid Alf S\u0305ani comments that <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Islam-i maj\u0305azi <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(figurative Islam) is better than <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr-i maj\u0305azi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Islam-i tariqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is better than<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> kufr-i tariqat <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">heresy of the Sufi path). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Kufr-i tariqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is all deception while <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Islam-i tariqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is all sensible (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sahv<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\/ <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u0635\u062d\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Kufr-i tariqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is the state of Existential Unity.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">10<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Sharfudd\u0305in Yahy\u0305a Maneri remarked, \u201cWithout being a non-believer, one cannot be a Muslim.\u201d<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">11<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Ghalib has also said the same thing: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0628\u06c1 \u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f\u2018 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u0634\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">&#8216; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0627\u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u0634\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>daulat bah ghalat nabavad, az sa\u2018\u0305i pashem\u0305an shav<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>k\u0305afir natav\u0305an\u0305i shud, n\u0305a-ch\u0305ar Musalm\u0305an shav<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Good luck is not easily to be had: repent your efforts to get it. If it is not possible to become an unbeliever, then there is no other option except becoming a Muslim.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535405975\"><\/a><a name=\"_Hlk535406123\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This is how <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is transformed into an aesthetic value. He puts the same sentiment in a letter: \u201cNot to have hope in God is <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. By getting disappointed with God regarding myself, I have become, according to the belief of Islam, a complete <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kafir <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u0305afir-i mutlaq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). By becoming a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>k\u0305afir<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, every hope of beng pardoned by God for my sins (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>maghfirat)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is also lost, and so is the world as well as the faith (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>din<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).\u201d<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 12<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Related to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is his liberalism (\u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>az\u0305adg\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). He has converted friendship-with-all into an aesthetic value. Mosque and temple, the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shaikh<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Brahaman<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u200e\u2014all are vital to him.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0633\u0628\u062d\u06c1 \u0648 \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u06be\u0646\u062f\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u06cc\u062e \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u06c1\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah\u0305in kuch sabhah v zunn\u0305ar ke phande men g\u0305ir\u0305a\u2019\u0305i<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vaf\u0305ad\u0305ari men Shaikh o Barhaman ki \u0305azm\u0305a\u2019ish hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Neiher the rosary nor the Brahmanical sacred thread have any binding force; the real test of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shaikh<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Barhaman<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> rests in their fidelity (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vafadari<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">)}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u062c\u0632 \u062d\u0628\u06cc\u0628 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0631 \u062c\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u062c\u062f\u06c1\u2018 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u06ba \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0627\u06ba \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>maqs\u0305ud-i m\u0305a ze dair o haram juz hab\u0305ib n\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>har j\u0305a kunaim sajdah, bar \u0305an \u0305ast\u0305an ras\u0305id<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{From temple and mosque, we do not want to achieve anything except our Beloved; wherever we prostrate ourselves, the abode of God descends there.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0686\u06c1 \u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0631\u06c1\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u062e\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u06c1 \u06a9\u0639\u0628\u06c1\u2018 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>cheh lutf-i rahravi-yi \u0305an keh kh\u0305ar kh\u0305are n\u0305ist<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ma-rav bah <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ka\u2018bah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>, agar rah aimani d\u0305arad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{What pleasure is there in taking a path bereft of difficulties? Do not go (even) to the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ka\u2018bah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> if the path is easy.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u062a\u0646\u06c1 \u062c\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f \u0633\u062a \u06af\u0627\u06c1 \u0646\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u06cc\u062e \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u06c1\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>harf-i harfam dar maz\u0305aq-i fitnah j\u0305a khv\u0305ahad giraft<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dastg`ah-i n\u0305az-i Shaikh v Barhaman khv\u0305ahad shudan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Every word of mine, for people of taste, would become an object of turmoil (and as such) a precious authority of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shaikh<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Brahaman<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646\u06c2 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0634\u06d2 \u06c1\u06d2 \u067e\u0646\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dair o haram \u0305a\u2019\u0305inah-yi takr\u0305ar-i tamann\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>v\u0305am\u0305andagi-yi shauq tar\u0305ashe hai pan\u0305ahen<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The mosque and the temple are mirror-images reflecting repetition of desire; these are places of refuge created by the fatigue of human yearning.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">All human being\u200e\u2014 Muslim, Hindu or Christian\u200e\u2014are dear to me, and I treat them as my brothers whether others believe it or not.\u201d <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">13<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>The Ghalib-God relationship:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib may be considered the creator of a new genre of Urdu poetry that questions God on his \u2018unjust\u2019 treatment of human beings. Iqbal undoubtedly followed Ghalib while penning the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shikvah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> part of his masterpiece, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shikvah, Jav\u0305ab-i Shikvah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Ghalib was intellectually satisfied that his questioning certain Islamic beliefs was an act of faith rather than unbelief. His questions are as follows:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For one who has adopted, \u201cnone exists except Allah\u201d, as a creed and one who does not distinguish between the world and the faith, the concept of reward and punishment becomes crucial to the issue of justification or non-justification of the creation of man. In this discourse, Ghalib treats the sacred relation between man and God as a fundamental aesthetic value. This value includes complex issues like Ghalib\u2019s ego and, on its basis, his relationship with the Creator, a just God and His being the sole creator of all things. In this regard, Ghalib positions man as confronting God, if not as God. Ghalib is most eloquent:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0627 \u0631\u06c1\u06d2 \u0646\u06c1 \u0645\u0626\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0628\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u06af<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0648\u0632\u062e \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0688\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631 \u0628\u06c1\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305a\u2018at men t\u0305a rahe nah ma\u2019e o angb\u0305in ki l\u0305ag<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dozakh men d\u0305al do ko\u0305i lekar bahisht ko<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Put paradise into hell so that no temptation for honey and wine is attached in obedience to God.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u067e\u06a9\u0691\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0631\u0634\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u0642<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>pakre j\u0305ate hain farishton ke likhe par n\u0305ahaq<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>adm\u0305i ko\u0305i ham\u0305ar\u0305a dam-i tahr\u0305ir bhi th\u0305a?<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{We are being accused on the basis of what has been written by the angels.Was there any one from our side at the time of writing?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0648\u06c1 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0627\u0644\u0679\u06d2 \u067e\u06be\u0631 \u0622\u0626\u06d2 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0639\u0628\u06c1 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0648\u0627 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bandagi men bh\u0305i voh \u0305az\u0305adah o khud-b\u0305in hain keh ham<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ulte phir \u0305a\u2019y dar-i <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ka\u2018bah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> agar v\u0305a nah hu\u0305a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Even in servitude we are so free and self-conscious that we would turn back if the doors of the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Ka\u2018bah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> did not open.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u2018 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0688\u0628\u0648\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u06be \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u0646\u06d2 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nah th\u0305a kuch to Khud\u0305a th\u0305a, kuch nah hot\u0305a to Khud\u0305a hot\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>duboy\u0305a mujh ko hone ne, nah hot\u0305a main to ky\u0305a hot\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(When there was nothing, there was God, had there been nothing, God would have been; my being undid me; had I been non-being what would I have been?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0631\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u0645 \u067e\u06c1 \u0628\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u06cc\u2018 \u0646\u06c1 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0638\u0631\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u062d \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be \u06a9\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>girn\u0305i th\u0305i ham pe barq-i tajalli, nah T\u0305ur par<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dete hain b\u0305adah zarf-i qadah-khv\u0305ar dekh kar <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{According to the Qur\u2018an (7: 143) Moses went up to the top of the mountain, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tur<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, seeking a vision of God. God, as an indication that Moses could not bear the bright sight cast His light on the mountain and the mountain caught fire. Ghalib points out that God\u2019s illumination (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>barq-i tajall\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) should have descended on him instead of Tur, because (using the sufi metaphorical tradition of Persian and Urdu poetics) wine is served in accordance with the consuming capacity of the drinker!} <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06c1\u2018 \u0628\u0646\u06af\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0621 \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u0634\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ze m\u0305a garm ast \u0305in hang\u0305amah, bingar shor-i hasti r\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>qay\u0305amat mi damad az pardah-yi kh\u0305ake kih ins\u0305an shud<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{This furor (the world) is due to us. Look at the phenomenon of existence, great turbulence radiates out of the dust that became man.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">And then follows a most scathing comment:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535408207\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0686\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06c1 \u0633\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u2018 \u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0621 \u0637\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u0621 \u062f\u0644 \u0631\u0648 \u0648 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u0631 \u062e\u06cc\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535408112\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>c<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hir\u0305a bah sang o giy\u0305ah pech\u0305i, a\u2019y zab\u0305anah-yi T\u0305ur!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ze r\u0305ah-i didah o dil rav o ze j\u0305an barkhez<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535408395\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{O Flame of Tur (vision of God)! Why are you involving yourself with the stone and grass (of the mountain)? Descend in our heart through our eyes and emerge out of our soul.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib is objecting to what God has done and suggests that the suitable location for the appearance of the vision of God is not a mountain but the heart of a human being.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u2018 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06c1 \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0686\u0634\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06ba \u06af\u0641\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dar garm-ravi s\u0305ayah o sar-chashmah na-j\u0305uyaim<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>b\u0305a m\u0305a sukhan az T\u0305uba v Kausar natu\u0305an guft<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Traversing quickly, we are not searching for any shadow or canal. Do not mention to us the trees and canals of paradise.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u06ba \u0631\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0646\u06c1 \u0648\u0639\u0638 \u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u06ba \u06af\u0641\u062a\u2018 \u0628\u06c1 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06ba \u06af\u0641\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>an r\u0305az kih dar sinah nih\u0305anast nah va\u2018z ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bar d\u0305ar tu\u0305an guft, bah minbar natu\u0305an guft<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{The secret hidden in our chest is not a (religious) sermon;This can be uttered on the cross but not on a pulpit (in the mosque).}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ironically, Ghalib\u2019s <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is derived from his total attachment to God. His faith in God\u2019s mercy is more intense than that of a Muslim.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><a name=\"_Hlk535408527\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>God\u2019s Mercy\/<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u0631\u062d\u0645\u062a<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>\/ rahmat<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u062d\u0645\u062a \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u06cc\u062f \u06c1\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0634\u0631\u0645\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u0630 \u0631 \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u06af\u0646\u0627\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rahmat agar qub\u0305ul kare, ky\u0305a ba\u2018\u0305id hai<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sharmindagi se \u2018uzr nah karn\u0305a gun\u0305ah k\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{It is no wonder if God\u2019s compassion accepts<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not seeking His forgiveness out of remorse.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u06ba \u062a\u0648\u0628\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06c2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0632\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634\u06cc \u06c1\u0627\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u062e\u0634\u0634 \u0632 \u06cc\u0632\u062f\u0627\u06ba \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>goyand Sin\u2018\u0305an taubah kard az kufr, n\u0305ad\u0305an bandah-e<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaz faroshi-h\u0305ay d\u0305in bakhshish ze Yazdan khush nah kard<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(It is said that Sin\u2018\u0305an, a Sufi, repented for his phase of unbelief in the past.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib comments: Stupid person! By selling out his faith, he forfeited the opportunity of God\u2019s forgiveness.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In a way, unbelief and belief, commitment of sin and God\u2019s mercy, reward and punishment, God\u2019s compassion, authenticity of religious systems and greatness of Man are Ghalib\u2019s own intellectual perceptions, unconnected to any particular Islamic school of thought or to any other religious system. He did not complain about his not being understood by anyone. He was a gnostic in the company of himself.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0631\u06c1 \u0631\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u06c1 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06c1 \u0628\u06c1 \u0622\u0628\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u0648 \u0634\u06c1 \u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06c1 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rahrav-i taftah dar-i raftah bah \u0305abam, Ghalib!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>toshah-yi bar lab-i j\u0305u m\u0305andah nish\u0305anast mar\u0305a<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Ghalib! You are like a traveller who has drowned in water, your provision-pack lying by the bank of the river, lies there as your only identity.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Referring the belief-related issues of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masnavi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Ghalib clarifies that he was expressing his views as a poet and not as a Sufi or any religious scholar. That is, he was not apologetic but was maintaining his position of a man of independent disposition with a liberal stance, and emphasizing his being a poet and one attached to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. He holds that there is nothing wrong in following these <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rusum<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> but offers no arguments in their support either. He argues that there are two types of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2014those that are within <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and those which develop into <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and should be discarded. The former type of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(customs) are regional in nature.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0631 \u06c1\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0648\u062f\u0686\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0632 \u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hast rasm-i kh\u0305as dar har marzb\u0305um<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khud che mi khv\u0305ahi ze nafi-yi \u0305in rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Each cultural region has its special customs.What do you gain by rejecting them?}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u06a9\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0628\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nafi-yi rasm-i kufr-i m\u0305a ham kunaim<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dad ba danish faraham mi kunaim<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Every society has its own customs which cannot be denied. We also reject customs of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and follow the path of reason.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Here, Ghalib denies the customs based on unbelief and supports certain customs on rational grounds. This distinction does not appear convincing. We know that he was a believer in abandonment of customs (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tark-i rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Extending conditional support to certain customs might have been to placate his scholar-friend, Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fazl-i Haq. Earlier, chastised by the Maul\u0305an\u0305a, he had modified his position on the issue of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Imtin\u0305aun-Naz\u0305ir <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(impossibility of creation by God of another Messenger in another existence), in a way that balanced his position with the opposite view of the Maul\u0305an\u0305a. The question is: should we treat his views on certain controversial customs popular among Muslim people as more a flight of free imagination rather than his well-considered intellectual positions? It would help get an idea of Ghalib\u2019s attitudes if we go a hundred years back to the school of Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah of Delhi.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535409205\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah formulated in the 18<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> century new concepts of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Irtif\u0305aq\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Iqtir\u0305ab\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> which apppear to be the first of the kind in the field of social sciences.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">14 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Briefly, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Irtif\u0305aq\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> are different evolutionary stages of human society. The first <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Irtif\u0305aq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Irtif\u0305aq-i Avval<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, is the earliest stage of social structuring and includes development of speech, animal husbandry, making of stone weapons, and so on. The second stage, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Irtif\u0305aq-i S\u0305ani<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, is of urban social organization. The third stage, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Irtif\u0305aq-i S\u0305alis<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, is of emergence of systems of government and the judiciary. The fourth stage, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Irtif\u0305aq-i R\u0305abe\u2018<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, consists of development of multiple political formations. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Iqtir\u0305ab\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> means the means of getting closer to God. Both <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Irtif\u0305aq\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Iqtir\u0305ab\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> are universal, comprehensive (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kull\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) concepts and function in various forms. One example of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Irtif\u0305aq-i S\u0305an\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is marriage and various customs attached to it, like playing of music, decent dressing, feeding people, etc. According to Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah, certain forms and modes of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>irtif\u0305aq\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> are called customs (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and constitute \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>millat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u201d. These <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> enjoy the same position as that of the heart in the human body. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Millat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is a particular, specific structure of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Irtif\u0305aqat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Iqtir\u0305ab\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535409807\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He explains in his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Hujjat-allahil-B\u0305alighah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, that \u2018many of these<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> are true (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) in their essence since they are the guardians of ethically good (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>saleh<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>irtif\u0305aq`\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and indicators of theoretical and practical perfections. Without them human life would be beastly. Many people perform marriages and such other social activities in accordance with these customs without having any idea of the rationale behind it\u200e\u2014 just because it is a national norm. Thus, when once this tradition is consolidated, then the people adhere to it for centuries. They live with it and die with it. They believe that, for existence and non-existence, this is the only way of life. Only one of an evil heart would go against it.\u2019 This is the background of Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah\u2019s comment that \u2018messengership (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>nubuvvat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) is more often subservient to some or the other <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>millat. <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Maul\u0305an\u0305a \u2018Ubaidullah Sindhi, the best presenter of Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah and author of a new interpretation of Islam in the modern period, explains Sh\u0305ah\u2019s concept of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>millat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um.<\/i><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">15 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He held that the Qur\u0305an condemned all those national religions that caused disintegration of humanity and stated that the authentic faith in God is that which is closest to God. Closeness to God means that by transcending sects and nations it includes the whole of humanity. The Qur\u2019an effected an aggregation of all central themes of all nations and religions that can be applied worldwide and was the only authentic basis of true humanism.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">16<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah treats <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> at the centre of all systems of God. The Qur\u2018an has defined it as <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ma\u2018r\u0305uf<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (generally accepted).<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 17<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Sindhi presents this in a different way: \u2018When life acquires a teleological garb in this world, it has to adopt <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in order to be potential and existent. Without these <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rusum<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> life cannot take shape within time and space.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">18<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> To express this concept, Sindhi quotes a couplet of Ghalib and by doing so offers an interpretation of the couplet that had eluded comprehension by all commentators of Ghalib so far. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0634 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0644\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0679 \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06ba<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ham muvahhid hain, ham\u0305ar\u0305a kaish hai tark-i rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>millaten jab mit ga\u0305in, ajz\u0305a-yi \u0305im\u0305an hoga\u2019\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk529869653\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{We are monotheists, our way is abandonment of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">; <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">when (various) ideologies (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>millaten<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) are decimated, they become parts of faith (\u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Sindhi argues that the purpose of the Qur\u2019an is to liberate humanity from the bonds of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and traditions. Unfortunately, every nation had taken the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for the true faith and started fighting for them. A true follower of Islam fights against such hollow <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. A believer in the Quran is a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>muvahhid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (monotheist) and abandonment of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaish<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. In order to sustain itself in the world of cause and effect life has to adopt <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. Sindhi holds that <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> like apparel should remain just that; when <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (customs) acquire the status of faith then they develop into idols.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">19<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> As we have seen, Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah and Sindhi regarded <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> as distinguished from faith, as certain specific social forms of faith (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>d\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) within various frames of time and space. For Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah, these <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> are permissible if the people do not treat them as faith. According to him, material interpretations of faith need not necessarily be anti-faith. He does not appear to reject people\u2019s interpretations of faith as a whole. On the other hand, he accepts them provided they do not violate principles of faith. During Ghalib\u2019s time, one school of thought adopted this point of view and Ghalib appears to adhere to it this point of view, as we shall see.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib had stated in his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masnavi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> that on these issues, he was following many other <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, including Sh\u0305ah \u2018Abdul\u2018az\u0305iz and Sh\u0305ah Ism\u0305a\u2018\u0305il Shah\u0305id. The latter, in his, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Taqviyatul \u0305\u0305\u0305\u0305\u0305\u0305Im\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, had commented on the popularity of innovations on a large scale. He says that people seek help from the Muslim clergy, messengers of God, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305ams<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, martyrs and fairies in times of difficulty and, hold celebrations and perform various acts in the names of these persons. Some swear in the name of these personalities. In short, such fake Muslims were doing all that what the Hindus did for their idols.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">20<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Ghalib\u2019s close friend, Mufti Sadrudd\u0305in \u0305Azurdah has written a treatise on these innovations. He had also written a treatise on <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Imtin\u0305aun-Naz\u0305ir<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, which is not traceable<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.21<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. According to Ghul\u0305am Ras\u0305ul Mehr, Maul\u0305an\u0305a Abul Kal\u0305am \u0305Az\u0305ad believed that the work in question had been published as a part of \u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Iz\u0305ahul Haq,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and was a refutation of the treatise of Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fazl-i Haq Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">22<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Mufti \u0305Azurdah has expressed his position on issues like visiting graves of saints in his <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Muntah\u0305i al-Maq\u0305al fi Sharh-i Hadis l\u0305a Tashaddud al-Ramal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, and Fazl-i Haq Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi had written a note at the end of its printed edition.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">23 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Shabb\u0305ir Ahmad Kh\u0305an Ghori believes that Ghalib himself did not have a deep knowledge of Arabic grammar and syntax and could not cope with the controversial complexities of Islamic jurisprudence and, as such, he chose to follow on these issues, the sons of Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah, Sh\u0305ah \u2018Abdul\u2018az\u0305iz, Sh\u0305ah Rafiudd\u0305in and Sh\u0305ah \u2018Abdulq\u0305adir, besides the two other eminent <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ulam\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of Dehli, Sh\u0305ah Kal\u0305im Jah\u0305an\u0305ab\u0305adi and Maul\u0305an\u0305a Fakhrul Hasan Dehlvi. He also believes that Ghalib, on <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, side-stepping Islamic jurisprudential arguments, had laid more emphasis on friendly human aspects of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rus\u0305um<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> which was, he considered, a sure way of attaining God.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"western\"><a name=\"_Toc20923275\"><\/a> Ghalib\u2019s Expression<\/h1>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><a name=\"_Hlk535411690\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0644\u0641\u0650 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0632\u06a9 \u0648 \u0627\u0638\u06c1\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06d2 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">! <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0634\u0650 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u06af\u0648 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>zulf-i khay\u0305al n\u0305azuk o iqr\u0305ar be-qar\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>y\u0305a Rab! bay\u0305an sh\u0305anah-kash-i guftg\u0305u nah ho<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">{The tresses of imagination are delicate and (passion of) expression is impatient; God! Let not analytics restrict the discourse.}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Every creative personality resides in his\/her expression. It consciously or unconsciously selects its own ways and tools of expression or formulates new ways. Like the creation, its expression too is complex. The created literary piece, itself, and its unique expression, distinguishes one poet from the other. What is the nature of relationship between thought and the art of its expression in Ghalib? The point that comes to mind in this regard is his deviation from the Perso-Urdu poetic tradition. Just like his deviation from this tradition in his existential discourse, he was compelled to ignore following this tradition or, at least, maintain a critical attitude towards it. In both these deviations, Ghalib\u2019s ingenuity asserts itself. An attempt is intended to trace the process in the following analysis of Ghalib\u2019s style of poetic expression.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">From whichever angle you try to access Ghalib, he would leave all his observers puzzled. Try every tool of literary appreciation and he would still elude these. In case you choose to apply ideological pressure, he would appear to accommodate all mutually conflicting theories simultaneously. This is the case with all Urdu cultural and literary critics and theoreticians; they thought it better not to touch Ghalib\u2019s world of poetic thought, and, instead, preferred studies of the external forms of his poetry.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">While looking into Ghalib\u2019s intellectual concerns, we have been repeatedly reminded that he refuses to be treated as belonging to any particular school of thought and yet there appears to be enough space for every point of view. It was felt that he has his own poetic attitude towards mundane and spiritual phenomena and this poetic attitude has transformed all human concepts and experiences into an eternal source of happiness. If this assessment is valid, then there should be some relationship between his intellectual concerns and his poetic themes and ways of expressing them. What could be the nature of the natural relationship between his thinking and his ways of expressing it in poetic form?<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib\u2019s poetic style, although an ambiguous term, is his own. He does not want to just narrate something; technically and conceptually he leaves a lot unsaid in a way that a large amount of the meanings and effects of the couplets along with a vast scope of objects of the world beyond emerge in the mind and feelings of his reader and listener. Is this process spontaneous or deliberate? Let us examine this important point. His own views on certain aspects related to the present subject are given below:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Early education and training:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In a letter, in Urdu, to his friend, Zi\u0305audd\u0305in Kh\u0305an Zi\u0305a Dehlvi, Ghalib gives some idea of his early education and admits that he was not interested in traditional education in language and literature and used to take part in all types of unethical activities. However, he had a natural affinity to literature and poetry especially Persian language and literature. He also mentions that his initiation into the world of Persian language and literature and to the intricacies of philosophical and mystic thought was due to a person (name not mentioned) from Iran who had arrived in Agra during that period and was as great and unique scholar and thinker as Fazl-i Haq Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi and \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>momin-i muvahhid and s\u0305ufi o s\u0305af\u0305I<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (believer in oneness of God and a pure Sufi)\u201d who took interest in his literary and academic training. According to an opinion, he concocted this story so that he could claim that he was not without a teacher\u200e\u2014 a requirement, during those times, considered mandatory for a student or poet to be recognised as such by the literary and scholarly community.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535411333\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It is interesting to find Ghalib holding his own opinions about the intellectual history of Muslim culture and it is very relevant to the contemporary ongoing discourse on Muslim theories of knowledge. Paying tribute to the long and distinguished past of the peoples of Iran, Ghalib points out that the Iranians were believers in the eternity (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>qidam<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) of the world and, like the Hindus, did not explain the beginning or the end of the world. They were experts in all sciences and arts. The scientific value of Iranian scholarship was so much prized that when Alexander occupied Iran, he got the texts of these sciences obtained from the library of D\u0305ar\u0305a translated into Greek. Similarly, had Avicenna not transmitted knowledge from the libraries of the Greeks, the Arabs would not have had much by way of the rational sciences except some subjects of Islamic jurisprudence. Before the Arab conquest of Persia, Persian was the language in which Iranians discussed their sciences and it was the language of learning and teaching. When, under the second caliph, Persia came to be ruled by the Arabs, Iranian emperor Yazdgerd was killed and all Persian libraries and their collections of texts were destroyed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Emergence of Urdu and the neglect of Persian:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535411951\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Although rhetoric was the contribution of the Arabs, both the Arabs and the Iranians were equal contributors to the discipline of the simplicity of expression (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>fas\u0305ahat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Both came closer and closer, religious differences disappeared and all political and administrative affairs were conducted through mutual consultations. They were intelligent people. By combining Arabic and Persian elements, they developed a new beautiful language\u200e\u2014Urdu. Urdu developed as a language with a taste that was neither pure Arabic nor pure Persian but Ghalib laments that this resulted in total neglect of the entire literature of Persian grammar, while highly scholarly treatises on Arabic grammar were prepared. Persian became a maidservant of Arabic. It became a target of insult. The promoters of Urdu simply ignored Persian grammar. In about 800 or 900 A.H.\/ 14<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> or 15<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">th<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> centuries A.D., unqualified people started writing Persian dictionaries. Ghalib refused to accept the authority of these lexicons for his poetic language.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Relationship between Thought and Poetry and Reason and Literature:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In a letter, in Persian, addressed to \u2018Al\u0305auddd\u0305in Ahmad Kh\u0305an, he says:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u2018<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Reason is the First Principle, the First Creation of God. However, reason has not been allowed in holy affairs. The rationalists and the intellectuals have not been revealed anything except knowledge of Existential Unity and Cognitive Unity. It is not possible for us to know the Creator of Reason; it is enough if we recognise God as the Creator and Reason as the co-sharer of the mysteries of the era of Creation, measures the pearls of reason in the scale of poetry and transforms poetry into a mould of reason. Whether it is language or its narration or wisdom and intellect, both are an amalgam of God\u2019s kindness. Apart from all these things, knowing this discipline under the guidance of the Teacher is (what is called) culture.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Love poetry:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The distinction between me and love-poetry is like that between <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (unbelief) and \u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>im\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (belief).\u201d (Urdu Letter to \u2018Al\u0305audd\u0305in Kh\u0305an\u2018Ul\u0305ai)<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>The art of poetry<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Writing poetry is not a physical activity; it requires heart, brain, taste and passion.\u201d (Urdu Letter to Ghul\u0305am Ghaus Kh\u0305an Be-Khabar) <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Poetry difficult to understand:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib did not believe in poetry being difficult or easy to understand. His poetry was often described by some of his friends as very difficult to comprehend. He responded to this opinion:<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0632\u0628\u0633 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u2018 \u0627\u06d2 \u062f\u0644<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u0646 \u0633\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0633\u062e\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06c1\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0648 \u06af\u0631 \u0646\u06c1 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>mushkil hai ze bas kal\u0305am mer\u0305a, aey dil!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>sun sun ke use sukhanvar\u0305an-i k\u0305amil<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">\u0305<span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>as\u0305an kehne ki karte hain farm\u0305a\u2019ish<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>goyam mushkil o gar nah goyam mushkil<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">{The literary elite ask me not to write difficult poetry. For me both writing and not writing such poetry is difficult.}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535412476\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">He believed that talking of difficulty or simplicity in creating poetry is misplaced. Difficulty resides not in poetry but in the mind of a listener or a reader. It is a problem of non-communication of the meanings of poetry to them. In fact, \u201cmeaning\u201d is central to Ghalib\u2019s poetics. It is mainly a problem dealing with appreciation of poetry. In this regard, he makes some suggestions. For instance, he distinguishes love poetry from agnostic (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>\u2018arif\u0305anah<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">) poetry and, what we call, \u2018intellectual concerns\u201d. For Ghalib, they are agnostic\/mystic issues. Likewise, appreciation of poetry is also of two types\u2014intuitive and narrative. Among the attributes for appreciation of poetry, he mentions simple language, unique themes, carefully selected words, deep meanings and easily appreciated ways of expression. (Urdu letters to Muhammad Zakariy\u0305a Kh\u0305an Zaki Dehlvi). Another characteristic of poetry is that at first reading it appears simple but it is impossible to recreate something similar to it. It is the highest stage of beauty in poetry. In short, he classifies poetry from the point of view of content as simply poetic, agnostic\/mystic, intuitive and narrative. It is to be noted that he does not attach importance to form as essential for good poetry.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>Ghalib\u2019s hermeneutics: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Let us look at his departures regarding the choice of words. Ghalib has his own collection of words that he has used in meanings other than their popular meanings by converting them into symbols and metaphors. Was this a conscious process? He does not appear to agree.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0646\u06c2 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u06cc\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0648 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u06c1 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u06d2\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u0622\u0648\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ganj\u0305inah-yi ma\u2018n\u0305I k\u0305a tilism us ko samajhye<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>jo lafz kih Ghalib mere ash\u2018\u0305ar men \u0305ave<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535413459\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">That is, words are not brought in but they on their own enter into his couplets. In other words, he believes in the autonomy of words. This autonomy of words appears to be responsible for the \u2018difficulties\u201d in his poetry. However, use of certain particular words as symbols and metaphors is certainly his own creation. The particular words he has used as symbols and metaphors for identification of his existential thinking and for studying the phenomena of life include,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> \u0305arz\u0305u, tamann\u0305a,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (desire), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>pind\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (pride), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u0305a\u2019\u0305inah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> (mirror)<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>, vaf\u0305a<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (fidelity), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>and\u0305ishah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (faculty of thinking), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khay\u0305al<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (imagination), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>naqsh<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (imprint), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>shauq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (longing),<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018ishq<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (love),<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> khv\u0305ahish<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (desire for a particular object), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tam\u0305ashah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (worldly phenomenon), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kufr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (unbelief), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u0305im\u0305an<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (belief, faith), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>rahmat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (God\u2019s attribute of compassion), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mashrab<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (way of looking at things),<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> kaish<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (a specific ethical and intellectual way of thinking)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>, dair (temple) , haram <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(mosque)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>,\u2018adam <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(nonbeing),<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vuj\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (existence),<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>vahm <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(illusion), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>khv\u0305ab<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (dream), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mauj<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (wave), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bahr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (sea), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hab\u0305ab<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (bubble),<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> jauhar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (substance),<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> \u2018arz <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(accident), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>z\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (essence), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sif\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (attributes), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sh\u0305ahid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (observer, witness), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mashh\u0305ud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (spectacle, phenomenon), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mushahadah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (observation),<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> be-khudi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (forgetfulness),<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> be-rangi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (state of dis-attachment with the world), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hast\u0305I<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (being), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>n\u0305ist\u0305I<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (non-being), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>fan\u0305a <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(state of annihilation),<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> zunn\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (belt worn by Christians and Jews), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tasbih<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (the rosary), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>z\u0305ahid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (pious, ascetic), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>muhtasib<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (the public censor of religion and morals), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>b\u0305adah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (wine), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>paim\u0305anah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (wine-cup),<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> s\u0305aqi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (one who serves wine in a tavern) and so on. One can gauge from this collection of words the extent and breadth of Ghalib\u2019s thought. Some of these words have been used as representatives of his experiences through participation in different phenomena of life and the universe. A detailed analysis of his hermeneutics would greatly help in the study of Ghalib.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535419265\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For instance, Sh\u0305anul Haq Haqqi, an eminent poet and critic, has explained<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 1<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the poetic significance of one of his representative terms, \u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>a\u2019\u0305inah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, saying that this term, has been used as a mirror reflecting sentiments of bewilderment. Generally, for mystic themes, he has used familiar symbols and metaphors but Ghalib has also used them in quite new meanings for his existential themes. Almost every word is chosen consciously for reflecting some or the other concept and not for any passing sentiment. For meanings of words, he follows Persian-language authorities and, among Indian poets, only the eminent poet, Am\u0305ir Khusro (651 A.H.\/1253-725A.H.\/1325). In his Urdu letter to Chaudhri \u2018Abdul Ghaf\u0305ur Sur\u0305ur, he says that he does not use any word unless it is available in the poetry of the great Persian poets like S\u0305a\u2019ib (1503-1672), Kal\u0305im Kashni (d.1651 ) and Haz\u0305in (1692-1766). However, he is open to new words and new objects and concepts if no words are available in Persian or Urdu; for instance,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> ch\u0305ab\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (key), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>t\u0305ar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (telegram), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bijli<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (electricity) and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>r\u0305ubkari<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (a legal process of writing judgement in a court of law in India), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>talbi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (summons, a writ commanding a person\u2019s attendance in a court of law), and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sarishtahd\u0305ari<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (an accounts official in the Indian courts of law) which he himself has used in his poetry. (Ghalib is quite different from his contemporaries regarding support for using new words for new requirements.)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Mazm\u0305un<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (plural, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mazam\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">): a popular theme variously versified by poets in Persian and Urdu <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghazals<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">):<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The nature of what has been said in a couplet of a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghazal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> can be identified through its <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mazm\u0305un<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (theme) and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ma\u2018n\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (meanings).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Examples of maz\u0305am\u0305in:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Themes of love<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535419503\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The beloved is depicted as an oppressor and killer (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>q\u0305atil<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) of the lover and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>maqtal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, the locality of the beloved\u2019s house, is described as a place of execution of the lover, rival and so on.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Themes of revolt against religious rigidity<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Criticism and condemnation of dogmatic religious authorities like z\u0305ahid, protests against their imposing restrictions on human freedom and so on.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0648<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u06a9\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0645\u06c1\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0637\u06c1\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>zahid! nah tum p\u0305iu nah kisi ko pil\u0305a sako<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kiy\u0305a b\u0305\u0305at hai tumh\u0305ari shar\u0305ab-i tuh\u0305ur ki<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Orthodox\/ ascetic! You can neither drink (the wine) nor serve it to others; your sacred wine is exceptional\u0305\u0305!}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Themes of Sufism<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vahdatal-vuj\u0305ud, Vahdatush-shuh\u0305ud, hast\u0305i, n\u0305isti<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, man\u2019s freedom or life being pr-determined, reward and punishment, relations between man and God, paradise and hell, desert (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>dasht<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), sea (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bahr<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), wave (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mauj<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and bubble (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hab\u0305ab<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), allegorical (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>maj\u0305azi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) love and love of God (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haq\u0305iq\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), etc.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib treated such traditional themes as inconsequential and not having any literary value and such poets as simply living in their own artificial and imaginatary worlds; they do not think nor are they concerned about the world around them and are unreceptive to their social and intellectual experiences. There is no place for traditional themes in his poetics. It appears that Ghalib had no attraction for subjects and themes not related to human experiences and questions about being and nonbeing. He even questions the relevance of certain symbols of traditional poetry; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Meanings\/ <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>\u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>\/ ma\u2018ni:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib\u2019s poetics of meaning is the only way to assess him in totality. According to Asl\u0305ub Ahmad Ans\u0305ari, neither history nor ideology can help in the assessment of Ghalib. His greatness lies in his uniqueness, the fascinating imaginativeness and by the optimum use of the power of words to build up the magic of meanings. The function of criticism is to locate this process through which the meanings could be discovered.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> As mentioned above, in the Persian-Urdu poetic tradition, certain metaphors, symbols and similitudes are used to express human sentiments. Some of these have been repeatedly used and are known as poetic themes (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>maz\u0305am\u0305in<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). Creation of new themes (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mazm\u0305un \u0305afr\u0305in\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) is another way of using various constructions in this system of exposition. This is not related much to natural creativity or intellectual or emotional experiences. Creation of meanings (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0622 \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), on the other hand, is pure creativity. It does not depend on any \u2018theme\u2019. It is, in a way, moulding of particular sentiments and thought-experiences into universal sentiments and thought-phenomena. Creation of meaning thus becomes a literary and mystic value. This allows him, in spite of his being a product of the Perso-Urdu poetic tradition, to ignore it whenever it comes in the way of selection of subjects he intellectually prefers. Search for meaning is a demand of his poetic life. He was well aware of the complexities of physical and metaphysical phenomena. While trying to deal with them, sometimes he was successful and sometimes not. He has himself described his poetry as a poetry of meanings.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0646\u06c2 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u06cc\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062c\u0648 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u06c1 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0614<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0631\u06d2\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0622\u0648\u06d2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ganj\u0305inah-yi ma\u2018n\u0305i ka &#8220;&#8220;&#8220;&#8220;&#8220;&#8220;&#8220;tilism us ko samajhiye<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jo lafz kih Ghalib mere ash\u2018\u0305\u0305ar men \u0305ave<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Every word that comes into my poetry, is a magic formula uttering which the buried treasure of meanings is unconcealed.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Instead of emotions, meaning is the basic element of his poetry. What is the meaning of meaning for Ghalib?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0622\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06c2 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06c2 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0686\u06c2 \u0637\u0641\u0644\u0627\u06ba \u0634\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>a\u0305v\u0305azah-yi ma\u2018n\u0305I r\u0305a bar s\u0305az-i dabist\u0305an zan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>hang\u0305amah-yi surat r\u0305a b\u0305azichah-yi tifl\u0305an shav<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Refer the song of mystic meanings to discourse<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Make the form of poetry only a child\u2019s toy to play with.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06c1\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc\u0654 \u0633\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0634 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u06c1\u0644\u0650 \u0630\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0644 \u0648 \u06af\u0648\u06d2 \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0632 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06af\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u06cc\u06a9\u06d2 \u06af\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u062f\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u0644\u06d2 \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u0633\u062e\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06c1 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0627 \u062c\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u06ba \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u06af\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u2018 \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0632\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0639\u0650 \u0645\u0646 \u0632 \u0646\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06c2 \u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>haz\u0305ar ma\u2018n\u0305i-yi sarjosh kh\u0305as nutq-i man ast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaz ahl-i zauq dil o goe az \u2018usal b\u0305urdast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ze raftag\u0305an ba-yake gar tav\u0305ardam r\u0305ud\u0305ad<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mad\u0305an kih kh\u0305ub\u0305i-yi \u0305ar\u0305a\u2019ish-i ghazal burdast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>mar\u0305ast nang vale fakhr-i \u0305ust k\u0305an ba-s\u0305ukhan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>bah sa\u2018\u0305\u0305i-yi fikr-i ras\u0305a j\u0305a bad\u0305an mahal burdast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mabar gum\u0305an-i tav\u0305arud yaq\u0305in shan\u0305ash kih duzd<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>mat\u0305a\u2018-yi man ze nih\u0305an-kh\u0305anah-yi azal burdast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{Various meanings are the main feature of my poetry that, by virtue of high thinking, has won the hearts of persons of taste. In case some of my verses appear similar to the meanings of verses of some earlier poet, do not think that<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it has diminished my stature. This is a matter of shame for me but is a matter of pride for that poet who could attain such a height. Do not consider it simultaneity (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tav\u0305arud<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">); Believe me! The thief has stolen it from the hidden cell<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of eternity!}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib has used traditional themes or figures but has commented on them in an untraditional way:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Majnun\/\/<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><i>\u0645\u062c\u0646\u0648\u06ba<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Qais<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> \/ <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u0642\u06cc\u0633<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u06d2 \u0628\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0631 \u0646\u06c1 \u0633\u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0633\u0631\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06c2 \u062e\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0650 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0642\u06cc\u0648\u062f \u062a\u06be\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>t\u0305ishe baghair mar nah sak\u0305a kohkan, Asad!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>sargashtah-yi khum\u0305ar-i rus\u0305um o quy\u0305ud tha<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{Without an axe<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i> Majnun\/Qais (kohkan)<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> could not kill himself; (because) he was bound by traditions and customs. This is with reference to the anecdote that <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Qais<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> could not cut the mountain as demanded by Khusro. husband of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Sh\u0305ir\u0305in<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">, beloved of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>Qais<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> and he killed himself with his axe.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>N\u0305aseh<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"> \/ <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u0646\u0627 \u0635\u062d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">\/moral adviser:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0635\u062d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06a9\u0648\u06cc \u0686\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u0633\u0627\u0632 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627\u2018 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc \u063a\u0645 \u06af\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>yeh kah\u0305an ki dost\u0305i hai kih bane hain dost n\u0305aseh<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>ko\u0305i ch\u0305ar\u0305ahs\u0305az hot\u0305a, ko\u0305i ghamgus\u0305ar hot\u0305<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">{What sort of friendship is this that friends have turned admonishers . If only there had been some to ease my grief, some sympathiser.}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another point in this regard is that, in Ghalib, \u2018appreciation of poetry becomes a process of \u2018deciphering the meanings of poetry\u2019. That is, beauty resides in the meanings. But, then, meanings becoming beauty would require some other tools or ways of measurement of beauty. Ghalib has provided that tool which he describes as, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaif\u0305iyat, <\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a particular state of mind and sentiment. As mentioned in his correspondence with Ghamg\u0305in Sh\u0305ah<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, he refers to a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kh\u0305as kaifiyat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">; (a particular state of mind and sentiment) in which he accommodates various conflicting beliefs and concepts. In <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaifiyat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, meanings become secondary. A couplet may have different impacts on different readers and listeners. Ghalib believes that, in a couplet, meaning may take the form of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaifiyat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u06c1 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u2018 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06c2 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0686\u06c1 \u06a9\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u062e\u0645\u0650 \u0632\u0644\u0641 \u0648 \u0634\u06a9\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u06c1\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>gar ba ma\u2018n\u0305i nah ras\u0305i, jalvah-yi s\u0305urat che kamast<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\"><i>kham-i zulf o shikan-i tarf-i kul\u0305ahe dary\u0305ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{If you could not access meaning, the illumination of form is enough, enjoy the beauty of tresses and of the headgear (of the beloved.)}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">He is one of those who believe in multiple meanings of a poetic composition. One reason supporting his contention is, as the eminent poet Bedil had argued, that the meaning of a word is explained, again, by yet another word, thus rendering the meaning unexplained. On this complex issue, another important view of \u2018Ainul Quz\u0305at Hamd\u0305ani is to be examined. His views on the concept of Time we have discussed earlier<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Muhammad \u2018Umar Memon has referred to the views of Hamd\u0305ani as analysed by the eminent scholar Toshihiko Izitsue<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. A brief summary of his views is given below:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ghalib has described meaning as the essence of his poetry and the word as a source of unlimited meanings, but did not say anything about the meaning of the meaning. Bedil argued that using another word to explain the meaning of a word does not carry any sense.<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5 <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Hamd\u0305ani, on the other hand, proposes duality of meaning. Muhammad Omer Memon\u2019s summary given in Urdu is as follows: <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The reality of a thing and its knowledge installed in the human mind are two different things.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Until man passes through reason and rational thinking into the para-rational region, he cannot attain the stage of perfection. The whole structure of the existing world is such that the final stage of the region of empirical experiences is directly connected to the first halting place of the pararational realm.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Man is not fully equipped on exposition of reality of things or of what man is listening or feeling. There is a wide gulf between what we are feeling or what we know or that which we want to know and its description. This becomes further complicated when we, besides believing in the dimensions of human experience, also believe in the authenticity of the dimension of the pararational. When a Sufi wants to express or narrate his personal observations, it becomes inevitable for him to encounter all these linguistic problems emerging out of disharmony between his personal knowledge and his capability of its expression. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535419814\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">So, what could be the effective way for a Sufi to get around the creative limitations of his linguistic tools? Are such tools available, at all? Symbolism may be one of them. In fact, most of the Sufi poets and philosophers have constructed systems of symbols and taken refuge in them. But Hamd\u0305ani suggests that on such occasions, multi-dimensional words which he describes as equivocation (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tash\u0305aboh, ibh\u0305am-go\u0305i<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), might prove helpful). According to him, interpretation of various terms of Islamic philosophy should be done by <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tash\u0305aboh.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the study of the relationship between word and meaning, words should not be given undue importance. Such unnecessary emphasis on words, as if they are different from meanings amounts to a confrontational compromise. This is far from the truth. The universe of meaning is extremely fine, flexible and dynamic in nature. It does not have the consistency that accords with the customary and material robustness of words.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535419985\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Hamd\u0305ani does not believe in some strong covert relationship between word and meaning. On the contrary, between them, there is only a causal relationship of meaning, purely external and, in a sense, unreal, since there is no equal division of weight between the two; there is a kind of uncertain balance between them. It cannot be otherwise since, according to Hamd\u0305ani, they belong to different systems of existence. The word relates to the material and felt world (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>malak<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) while meaning is related to the non-material world (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>malak\u0305ut<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). The word cannot be compared with the unlimited landscape of meaning. Meaning has its own life and is not something stagnant like the word. Meaning is absolutely unrelated to the word that justifies it and grows on its own in accordance with the intensity of human experience and human consciousness. Looked at from the outside, it is not possible to assess the vastness of its meanings to be communicated through the word. It is especially true with regard to meanings with a very deep agnostic experience. When the meaning is of a non-empirical nature, then the word expressing it inevitably reaches the highest point of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tash\u0305aboh<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In such cases, to attain a direct insight into the meaning, one has to adopt an exquisite attitude towards the word since it would require one to use the word as a springboard in order to jump into the depths of meanings. As long as one tries to access meanings through words, one would never succeed. One must approach the meanings directly. For this, we have to understand the nature of Hamd\u0305ani\u2019s<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> tash\u0305aboh<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_Hlk535420198\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Hamd\u0305ani\u2019s concept of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tash\u0305aboh<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is different from the concept of manifoldness of meanings. By <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>tash\u0305aboh<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> he meant various levels, especially, two levels: Level-A of rational deliberation, and Level-B, the pararational level which stands for the sense of mystic terminology. Regarding Level-B, it is to be kept in mind that, at that point, meanings are difficult and cannot be accessed through the meanings available at Level-A of any expanse. This is so because the meanings of all the words appearing at Level-B are cognitive experiences that are totally different from the experiences in the domain of rational thought. This is so because, as we have seen, at Level-B, perception of meaning in the pararational realm is possible only through intuition (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>bas\u0305irat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">These concepts of Hamd\u0305ani demand a separate discussion. Since Ghalib knew Hamd\u0305ani, reference to his views on a subject of Ghalib\u2019s interest was considered appropriate. Meanings in the pararational realm are of unlimited scope and different from the meanings of a rational paradigm. Hamd\u0305ani\u2019s concept of meaning may facilitate some idea of the creativity in that poetry of Ghalib which is described as \u201cdifficult\u201d. It can also be said that since this poetry is at the pararational and metaphysical levels, its words are, in fact, those symbols and terms with vast and flexible meanings and, hence, could not be appreciated by the readers of Level-A, who are stuck with the word and meanings without any help from intuition. That is, there are meanings but they are not for laymen. In order to solve this riddle, we have to go back to Ghalib who, for the meanings of Level-B, uses the term, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaif\u0305iyat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">; and if <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>kaif\u0305iyat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is the experience of a poet, then it is not possible for many to unravel it. It appears that Ghalib had realised that that factor of difficulty is due to the ever-present struggle between the nicety of imagination and \u2018impatience of expression\u2019 and he prays that the use of argumentation for discovery of meanings should not injure the delicacy of thought and imagination.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"western\"><a name=\"_Toc20923276\"><\/a> The Last Point<\/h1>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0634\u06c1\u0627\u06d2 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0631\u0646\u06af<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq';\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u0628\u06af\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06c1\u0621 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0628\u06d2 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Farsi b\u0305in t\u0305a bab\u0305ini naqshh\u0305a-yi rang rang<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>begzur az majm\u0305u\u2018ah-yi Urdu kih berang-i man ast<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">{If you wish to see multiple colours of my thought, go through my Persian writings and ignore my Urdu collection which does not reflect my colour.}<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">First, this study agrees with Ghalib\u2019s suggestion that it is his Persian, and not Urdu, poetry that contains most of his innermost intellectual concerns. Second, assessing a poet from the angle of duality of his\/her natural and poetic life provides greater satisfaction from the intellectual as well as aesthetic points of view. Undertaking a dual-life study of Ghalib was very helpful in unravelling his multilevel persona. In his day-to-day life, his letters explained the society in which he lived, his experiences in it and, above all, the way the persona emerges through his narrations of these experiences. We have seen how he was dealing with his poverty, helplessness and sufferings; how he passed his days of suffering and loneliness waiting for the release of his pension; and had no choice but to write fake panegyrics in praise of people in power. These letters show his great love for friends and disciples in poetry. His informal attitude towards friends, avoiding imposing himself on others, his simple narrations of his shortcomings, his mentioning his helplessness and deprivations, his voicing belief in fatalism without any reservations\u200e\u2014 all make us feel like he is a childhood neighbourhood friend. In this everyday life, he talks about religions and the religion of Islam just like a common, ordinary and average-educated Muslim. All the rituals and customs that that ordinary Muslims consider religious are also acceptable to Ghalib. Nor does he consider himself any different from followers of other religions. All of them are like dear friends.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">His poetic life, though, appeared different from his day-to-day life. In his poetic life, Ghalib is an agnostic, and that too of a different type. This agnostic persona has been constructed by certain values that, ignoring all traditional sources of knowledge reconstruct all material and non-material thought-content and concepts through poetic intuition. In Ghalib\u2019s poetry, these reconstructions have a kind of intellectual beauty that liberates his poetic life from all rational, religious, philosophical and mystic formulations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">We have remarked on the duality of Ghalib\u2019s life. The difference between the two is evident and, no need is felt of discovering any sort of relationship between them. In the chapter \u201cGhalib\u2019s expressions\u201d, a link between his intellectual concerns and their poetic expression has been clearly discerned, and it again indicates that every great poet carries with him his own language and creative style.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another important point was noted in this study. It is related to the poetics of Urdu poetry. All efforts to construct the poetics of Urdu poetry have suffered from a major misunderstanding\u200e\u2014 putting thought and art in two totally separate compartments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">For over a hundred and fifty years, Ghalib has remained an intimate friend of the literary elite as well as of the layman. He has been the most studied and scrutinised Urdu poet in South Asia. A question has been raised often as to what are the factors underlying his popularity which are not there in the poetry of other poets. The first response to this may be that this question is unnecessary; the other opinion may be that such a question is not unexpected. People of literary taste would like to talk about it. Ghalib, as we have noted, has been extensively discussed by critics, commentators and admirers. Generally, these writings have mostly concerned formal aspects of his poetry. They mostly consist of interpretations of and commentaries on his poetic compositions. Almost all this literature is devoted to different features of the form and artistic technique of treatment of themes of love, the beloved and related issues such as rhetoric, symbols, imagery and so on and ignores the thought content. Much has been written on the form and rhetorical features of classical Urdu poets like Vali, Sir\u0305aj, M\u0305ir, Saud\u0305a, Dard, \u0305Atish, Mushafi, Zauq, Momin, Yag\u0305anah and others, but their social, ethical, and cultural concerns have been left almost untouched. Form and rhetoric were the main focus, while meanings were not taken up for analysis. The standard assumption was that formal features and style determine the merits of a poet. Meanings were not considered as a part of poetic evaluation. This ducked question that if such features are determined as measures to evaluate poetry then distinguishing one good poet from another would not be possible since every good poet observes all necessary requirements of figures of speech, rhetoric and so on. For Ghalib, good poetry can be evaluated in terms of its thought-content and meanings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Urdu readers, students, and critics generally do not care much about the intellectual aspect of Ghalib\u2019s poetics as discussed in the present work. Most of them skirt around his humanism, his liberal and, most often, critical approach to traditional religious beliefs in afterlife, freedom and predestination, reward and punishment and so on. Ghalib\u2019s approach to understanding metaphysics and, particularly, certain complex and underlying layers of meanings of several such sensitive religious beliefs has also eluded their notice. The complex philosophical and mystical concept of Existence treated by Ghalib as the main platform for construction of a dynamic human life is a universal epistemological theme. The discourse on Time attached to Existence is another indicator of the depth of his passion for knowing Reality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Finally, this study suggests that intellect is to be considered an integral tool for the appreciation of poetry. With the fast pace of epistemological changes, intellect along with aesthetics has become part and parcel of evaluation of beauty. Meaning is to be treated as the source of poetic beauty and it is to be made part of poetics. If this is done it will be found that classical Urdu poetry is a fascinating product of the interaction between the poets, on the one hand and, on the other, the experience of the social and cultural ethos of their times. Looked at from the Asian cultural perspective it serves as a source of cultural thought and not just as a collection of themes centred on love.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">perspective it serves as a source of cultural thought and not just as a collection of themes centred on love.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"western\"><a name=\"_Toc20923277\"><\/a> Glossary<\/h1>\n<table width=\"398\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"7\">\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"137\" \/>\n<col width=\"233\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">abad<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">eternity in future<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">adam<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">state of non-existence<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">agahi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">enlightenment, awareness<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ahlat-Tauhid v-al-\u2018Adl<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people of Unity and Justice, the Mu\u2018tazilah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ahl-i baiyt<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Muhammad\u2019s family<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ahl-i yaq\u0305in<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">people of strong faith<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ain<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">eye\u2019 in philosophy denotes a particular concrete thing perceived in the outside world as distinguished from the concept of <\/span><span style=\"color: #595959;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> thing in the mind; it is also sometimes used in the sense of substance (jauhar). The Sufis, on the other hand, use the term \u2018ain for the inner essence of a thing and especially for the universal idea of a thing eternally existing in the mind of God.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a\u2019\u0305inah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">Mirror<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ainal-yaq\u0305in<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">inner essence of certitude<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">al\u0305a\u2019ish<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Filth<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">alam- asb\u0305ab<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the realm of causation, the world<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">anal-Haq<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I am the Truth\/God, Hallaj\u2019s claim<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and\u0305ishah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">intellect, faculty of reasoning<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">anjuman<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">assembly; congregation; meeting<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">anq\u0305a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A mythical bird<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">aql<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Reason<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">aql al-avval<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">first Intelligence<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">aql al-f\u0305a\u2018il<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">active Intellect<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">arif<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gnostic, endowed with ma\u2018rifah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">arsh<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">God\u2019s chair<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">araz<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">accident, quality that adheres to a subject<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(mauz\u0305u\u2018)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">arz\u0305u\/ tamann\u0305a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">desire<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ashi\u0305anah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nest, home<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">asl<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">essence<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">asm\u0305a-ur-rij\u0305al<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a science developed for scrutinizing the lives of the narrators of had\u0305is.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a\u2018y\u0305an-i s\u0305abitah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\">\u201c <span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the eternal ideas existing in the mind of God which are said to be really real, or of which this world is a mere shadow or dream.\u201d <\/span><sup><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">alam-i barzakh<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the world in which human souls would remain between death and the Day of Judgement;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Literally, \u201cthe intervening space\u201d, but technically the term denotes the \u201cWorld of Ideas\u201d which is considered intermediary between the material or phenomenal world and the world of pure spirits as well as of God. In the philosophy of Illuminationism (al-hikmat al-ishr\u0305aq\u0305iyah), barzakh means simply body as opposed to light (n\u0305ur). Barzakhs, thus, are dark bodies that become illuminated through the light received from the spirit. The heavenly spheres being bodily are also barzakhs, but they are living barzakhs as compared to the physical bodies of the world which are dead barzakhs.\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ay\u0305at-iI\u0305ahi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">signs of God<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">az\u0305adgi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">liberality, independence, heterodoxy<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Azal<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">eternity in the past<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Azar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">father of Abraham<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">b\u0305adah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bahr<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sea<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bal\u0305aghat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">literary way of creating multiplicity of meanings<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">barq<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lightning, illumination<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">barq-i tajalli<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">God\u2019s illumination<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">basirat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">intuition<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be-khudi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">state of detachment<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">be-rangi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">state of detachment from the world<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bid\u2018a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">religious innovations against <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Shari\u2018ah<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bid\u2018at-i hasanah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">customs which are new but not against Shari\u2019ah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bijli<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">electricity<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">andal\u0305ib<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nightingale<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">beloved, idol<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ch\u0305abi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">key<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">ch\u0305arah-gar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">a redresser, a curer<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, a healer<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">charger<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">maker of music<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">charkh<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in Persian and Urdu poetics, the sky stands for the source of all calamities<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Dahr<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">eternal duration, eternity in the past (azal) is in a constant union with eternity in future (abad)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dahri, dahriyah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">atheist<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Dair<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">temple<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">d\u0305ar al-harb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">abode of war, an Islamic legal term<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Das\u0305atir<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sacred book of the Parsis<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">d\u0305in<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">faith<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">Domni<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">a professional woman singer<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Dunya<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the world<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">faiz<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">good effects<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fan\u0305a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">state of annihilation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">faq\u0305ih<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">Islamic jurist<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">faq\u0305ir<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">a mendicant; one who leads a simple, pious life<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Fareb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">deceit<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Farhang<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dictionary<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fasahat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a literary feature of simplicity of expression<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fir\u0305aq<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">separation from the beloved<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fur\u0305u\u2018<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">branches<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ganj<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">treasure<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ganj\u0305inah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a buried treasure<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ges\u0305u<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hair, tresses<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ghaflat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">forgetfulness, heedlessness, negligence<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">gh<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">aib-i ghaib<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the state of absence of absence <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ghair<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the other<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gham<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">suffering, grief, pain<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ghazal<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a genre of Urdu\/ Persian poetry<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Gul<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">flower<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gunah<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><u>g\u0305ar<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a sinner<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hab\u0305ab<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bubble<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">had<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an Islamic legal term, punishment mentioned in the Qur\u2018an<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">had\u0305is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a report of the Messenger\u2019s sayings or actions; plural ah\u0305ad\u0305is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">h\u0305al<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">state of mystic forgetfulness<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Haq<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">truth, God<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">haq\u0305iq\u0305i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">real<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">har\u0305am<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">prohibited in Islam<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">haram<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mosque<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hasad<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jealousy<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Hasti<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">being, existence<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hikmah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wisdom, use of rational faculties for achievement of knowledge<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">h\u0305ur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a houri, a nymph of Paradise<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">husn<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">beauty<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ib\u0305adat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">prayer<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ib\u0305ahat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">concept of all things belonging to all<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ilm al -Jarh-v-Ta\u2018dil<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a science developed by Muslim jurists for examining the scientific authenticity of each reported Tradition<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ilm al-fiqh<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">science of Islamic jurisprudence<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ilmal-kal\u0305am<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Islamic scholasticism<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">im\u0305am<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">political and religious chief of the Shi\u2018ahs<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">im\u0305amat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">political institution of the Shi\u2019ah according to which the head of the Muslim state is appointed by the Imam of the time<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u0305<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">im\u0305an<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">strong belief, faith<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">imk\u0305an<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">probability<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">imtin\u0305a\u2018al-nazir<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a controversial issue whether God is competent to create another world and for it another last Messenger<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">intez\u0305ar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">state of waiting<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">iqtir\u0305ab\u0305at<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Shah Valiullah\u2019s theory of means of getting closer to God<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">irf\u0305an<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gnostic awareness<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">irtif\u0305aq\u0305at<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Shah Valiullah\u2019stheory of different evolutionary stages of human society<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ishq<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">love<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ishq-i maj\u0305azi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">allegorical love<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ishr\u0305aq<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Illuminism<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ishr\u0305aqiyah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Illumination theosophy<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">islam-i tariqat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">state of Cognitive Existence<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">istimd\u0305ad<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seeking help<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">izh\u0305ar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">expression \/literary expression <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">j\u0305a\u2019iz<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">permissible in Islam<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jabr v qadr<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">freedom and predestination;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jabriyyah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the school of predestination, fatalists<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jabr\u0305ut<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">state of God\u2019s majesty<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jaf\u0305a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">attitude of rejection by the beloved of the lover\u2019s avowal of love<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jalvah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">manifestation of the Divine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jannat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">paradise<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jauhar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">substance<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">jibrail<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">angel who brought God\u2019s commands to the Messenger<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jilvat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">open presence<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">jugs<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">epochs<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">k\u0305afir<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">non-believer<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">k\u0305afir-i-mutlaq<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an absolute non-believer<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kaifiyat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a feeling of appreciation, depending upon the reader\u2019s sensibilities<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kaifiyat-i kh\u0305as<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a special state of feeling<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kaish<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a specific ethical and intellectual way of thinking<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kas\u0305afat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">impurity, denseness<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">kausar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">a stream in Paradise<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">khair<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">good, virtue<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">khalq<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the phenomenal world, creation of the world of nature<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kh\u0305anq\u0305ah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hospice<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">khay\u0305al<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">imagination<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">khil\u0305afat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the political institution of Sunni Muslims based on peoples\u2019 mutual consent<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">khilvat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">privacy, solitude<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">khudb\u0305in<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one who looks only at himself<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">khuld<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">paradise<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">khv\u0305ahish<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">longing for a particular object<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">k\u0305uchah-yi mahb\u0305ub<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the lane where the house of the beloved is located<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kufr<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unbelief<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kufr-imaj\u0305azi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">figurative unbelief<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kufr-ishar\u0305i\u2018at<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unbelief under Islamic law<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kufr-i haq\u0305iqi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">real unbelief<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">kufr-i tar\u0305iqat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">state of intoxication on the Sufi path<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">l\u0305a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">no, nothing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">l\u0305ag<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">attachment<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">l\u0305ah\u0305ut<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">divine nature of revealing itself<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lat\u0305afat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">elegance, exquisiteness<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">maghfirat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">forgiveness after death of sins in one\u2019s life<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mahb\u0305ub, ma\u2018sh\u0305uq<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">beloved<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mahshar-i khay\u0305al<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">turmoil of imagination<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">maikadah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tavern<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mak\u0305an<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">space, location, house<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">malak\u0305ut<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">non-material world, angelic world<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ma\u2018ni \u0305afr\u0305ini<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">creation of meaning<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">manzar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">phenomena<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">maqta\u2018<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">last couplet of a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>ghazal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> mentioning the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>takhallus<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">maqtal<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">locality of the beloved\u2019s house described as a place of execution of lovers<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ma\u2018rifah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gnosis<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ma\u2018rifat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">agnostic knowledge<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ma\u2018ruf<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">generally accepted concept or a practice<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mashh\u0305ud<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">spectacle being observed by all<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mashrab<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">way of looking at things<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">masnavi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a branch of Persian and Urdu poetry<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">matla\u2018<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the first couplet of a ghazal<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mauj<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wave<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u200f<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mauj\u0305ud<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">existent<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ma\u2019i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mazhar-i vuj\u0305ud<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">existential manifestation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mazm\u0305un<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">theme in poetry<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mazm\u0305un \u0305afr\u0305ini<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">recreation of themes in poetry<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">millat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ideology, school of thought (community)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">momin<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a true Muslim<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">momin-i k\u0305amil<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a perfect man of faith<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">muvassir<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">effective<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">muhtasib<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">public censor of religion and morals<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">m\u0305u\u2018jizah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">miracle<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">muk\u0305alamah, guftug`u<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">conversation, dialogue<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mumkin<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the possible<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mur\u0305asalah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">communication<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mush\u0305ahadah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to witness, observe; witnessing, observing <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mu\u2018tazilah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a school of Muslim rationalists that emerged in the 9th-10th centuries<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">m\u0305uvahhid<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">monotheist, Unitarian, believer in the Unity of Being<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"233\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">muvahhid-i kh\u0305alis<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pure believer in one God<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">muzhdah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">good news; good tidings<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nabi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">messenger of God<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">naqsh<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">imprint<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">naqsh-i khay\u0305ali<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an impression of imagination<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">naqsh-i qadam<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">footprint<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">n\u0305aseh<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an advisor on ethical codes; an admonisher<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nashah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">state of intoxication<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">n\u0305as\u0305ut<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">world of bodies, world of nature<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nazm<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">poem<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nig\u0305ar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">beloved<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">n\u0305isti<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">non-being<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">p\u0305ad\u0305ash-i\u2018amal<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">punishment for an action<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">paim\u0305anah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">wine cup<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pind\u0305ar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pride<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">qadar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">having the power to act<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">qadar\u0305iyyah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a Muslim philosophical school of the ninth century that believed man is empowered to choose between the good and the bad<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">qafas<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cage<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">q\u0305atil<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the killer of the lover; the beloved<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">qay\u0305amat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">doomsday<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">qidam<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">eternity<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">r\u0305afizi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the Shi\u2018ah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rahmat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">God\u2019s mercy, compassion<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rahmatalil- \u0305\u0305alam\u0305in<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mercy for the World, the Messenger of Islam<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">raq\u0305ib<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rival in love<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">r\u0305ayat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">flag<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">riy\u0305a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hypocrisy<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">r\u0305ubk\u0305ari<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a legal process of writing judgement in a court of law in India<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">r\u0305uh\u0305aniy\u0305an<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">spiritual celebrities<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rus\u0305um<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">religious rituals, customs<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">s\u0305ahib-nazar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">possessor of intellect, someone who has developed a critical approach towards life, a thinker<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sahl-imumtanah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a type of literary expression that appears to be simple but is very difficult to perform<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sahv<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sobriety<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">said-izab\u0305un<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a helpless prisoner<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">san\u2018\u0305an<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an erudite Sufi who, after deviating from the true path, later sought God\u2019s forgiveness<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">s\u0305aqi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">one who serves wine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sarishtah-d\u0305ari<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an accounts official in Indian courts of law<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sarmad<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">endless, perpetual<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">sav\u0305ab<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">spiritual reward for performance of good actions<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">saz\u0305a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">punishment<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sh\u0305ahid<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">witness<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bad element or actions<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shauq<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">human urge to know reality<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">she\u2018r<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">couplet<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shi\u2018ah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A Muslim sect that believes in the concept of Imamat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shik\u0305ayat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">grievances<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shikvah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a sort of respectable complaint to God<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shirk<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">associating some other with God<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shirk fi al-im\u0305amat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">act of associating someone in imamat other than the Twelve Shia\u2018h Imams<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shirk fi\u2019r-ris\u0305alat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">an act of associating someone other the Muhammad, the MessengerOf God, in the Messengership<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shirk fi\u2019t-tauh\u0305id<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">not believing that existence resides only in the Vajibal-Vujud<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shuh\u0305ud<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">stage on the path of tasavvur when everything existing becomes God<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sh\u0305ukhi-y iand\u0305ishah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">intellectual audaciousness<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">shukr<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gratitude<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sif\u0305at (plural of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>sifat<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">attributes<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sitam<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the beloved\u2019s oppressions or tormenting of the lover by the beloved<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sitamgar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">oppressor\/ beloved<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">subhah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">rosary<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">subh\u0305ani<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">glory to me, Bayazid\u2019s claim<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sukr<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">state of intoxication<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sul\u0305uk<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">path of mysticism<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">surat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">form<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">t\u0305a\u2018at<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">obedience to God<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">taba-i kh\u0305am<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">futile desire<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">taha\u0305\u0305iyyur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">bewilderm<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ent<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">takhallus<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nom de plume of a poet<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">talbi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">summons, a writ commanding a person\u2019s attendance in a court of law<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tamann\u0305a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">desire<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tam\u0305ashah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">worldly phenomenon<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tam\u0305ash`\u0305a\u2019i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">onlooker<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tamk\u0305in<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">respect, high position<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">t<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">aqr\u0305iz<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a note in praise of the author of a book<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">t\u0305ar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">telegram<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tark-i rus\u0305um<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">abandonment of religious customs<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tars\u0305ay\u0305an<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fire-worshippers<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tasbih<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rosary<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tash\u0305abeh, ibh\u0305am-go\u0305i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">equivocation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tashk\u0305ik<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">skepticism<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tasavvur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">thought, concept<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tauh\u0305id-I shuh\u0305udi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cognitive Unity<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tauh\u0305id-i vuj\u0305udi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">existential Unity<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tavassul<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mediation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tilism<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">magic, a talisman\u2014a magic formula on recitation of which hidden buried treasure is revealed<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">t\u0305ub\u0305a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">name of a tree in Paradise<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">t\u0305ur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">name of a mountain in Syria where Moses saw the illumination of God<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ulam\u0305a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">scholars of Islam<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">umm\u0305id<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hope<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">uq\u0305ub\u0305at<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">torture, punishment<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\">\u2018<span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">urs<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">annual celebrations at the mausoleum of a Muslim saint<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">us\u0305ul-i d\u0305in<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sources of faith<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vaf\u0305a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fidelity<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vaf\u0305ad\u0305ari<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">faithfulness<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vahdatush-shuh\u0305ud<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cognitive unity<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vahdatal-vuj\u0305ud<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">existential unity<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vahh\u0305abi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">follower of Muhammad Ibn \u2018Abdul Vahh\u0305ab of Arabia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vahi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">revelation from God<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vahm<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">delusive vision<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vahshat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">loneliness, estrangement<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">v\u0305ajib<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">necessary<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">v\u0305ajibul-vuj\u0305ud<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">necessary being<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vatan<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">motherland<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">va\u2018z<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">religious sermon<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vis\u0305al<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">meeting with the beloved<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vuj\u0305ub<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">positive<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">vuj\u0305ud<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">existence<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">zab\u0305anah-yi t\u0305ur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">flame of Tur, God\u2019s illumination on the mountain, Tur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">z\u0305ahid<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">pious religious person, ascetic<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">zam\u0305an<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Time<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">z\u0305at<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">thing or individual, being or self, essence of a thing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">zauq<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Taste<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">zindaqah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Heresy<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">zuhd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">renunciation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">zuh\u0305ur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">manifestation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">zulf<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a curling lock of hair hanging over the ear<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">zunn\u0305ar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"233\">\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Brahmanic sacred thread<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I.M. Saeed Shaikh, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>A Dictionary of Muslim Philosophy<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Lahore, 2981<\/span><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"western\" align=\"left\">Notes and References<\/h1>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>Sources<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Urdu letters:<br \/>\n<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Khal\u0305iq Anjum, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ghalib ke Khut\u0305ut,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> New Delhi, Vol. 1, 2000; Vol.2, 1985;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b><br \/>\n<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Vol.3, 1987; Vol. 4, 1993;Vol.5, 2000.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>For Persian letters<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b><br \/>\n<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Partau Rohillah, tr. letters in, Ghalib, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>B\u0305agh-i Do Dar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Islamabad, 2000<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>For English translation of some letters:<br \/>\n<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ralph Russell and Khurshidul Islam, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ghalib 1797-1869, Volume 1:<\/i><\/span><b> <\/b><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Life and Letters<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, London, 1969<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Translations of Ghalib\u2019s Persian poetry in Urdu:<br \/>\n<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Dr. Khv\u0305ajah Ham\u0305id Yazd\u0305ani, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Sharh-i Kull\u0305iy\u0305at-i Ghalib (Farsi)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Lahore, 2004<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b><br \/>\n<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Zoe Ans\u0305ari, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masnav\u0305iy\u0305at-i Ghalib, asl F\u0305arsi, ma\u2018 Urdu Tarjumah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, New Delhi,1983<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b><br \/>\n<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Alt\u0305af Husain H\u0305ali, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Y\u0305adg\u0305ar-i Ghalib<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, New Delhi, 1976<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Mystical Terms:<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><br \/>\nM. Sa\u2018eed Shaikh, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>A Dictionary of Muslim Philosophy<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Lahore, 2981<br \/>\nYakoob Miraan Mujtahedi, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mujtahedi\u2019s Urdu-English Dictionary<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, 3 Volumes, Hyderabad, India, 2007<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Data on Ghalib\u2019s friends, discipls and patrons:<br \/>\n<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Abdur Ra\u2019\u0305uf \u2018Ur\u0305uj, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Bazm-i Ghalib<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Karachi, 1969<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Chapter: First Point<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1-Sa\u2018eed Shaikh, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>A Dictionary of Muslim Philosophy<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Lahore, 198, p. 79<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Chapter: The Cultural and intellectual Discourse in Ghalib\u2019s Dehli: A Brief Note<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Khal\u0305iq Ahmad Niz\u0305ami, art., \u201cGhalib ki Dilli\u201d, in, Nazir Ahmad, ed., <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tahq\u0305iq\u0305at (Intekh\u0305ab Maq\u0305al\u0305at-i Ghalib N\u0305amah)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, New Delhi, 1997, pp. 9-37; for an analysis of the intellectual and cultural environment, see, C. M. Naim, art., \u201cGhalib\u2019s Delhi, A Shamelessly Revisionist Look at Two Popular Metaphors\u201d, in,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> The Annual of Urdu Studies<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA, No.18, Part 1, 2003; Sadiq-ur-Rahm\u0305an Qidvai, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>M\u0305aster R\u0305amchandar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Delhi, 1961; Wahid Akhtar, art., Ghalib ka Fikri Pas-manzar, in, \u0305Ale Ahmad Sur\u0305ur, ed., <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018Irf\u0305an-i Ghalib<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Aligarh, 1972<\/span><\/p>\n<p>2. Niz\u0305ami, <span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>op.cit<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">., pp.142-159<\/span><\/p>\n<p>3. Shaikh Muhammad Ikr\u0305am, <span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Hak\u0305im-i Farz\u0305anah,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Lahore, 1977, p.25<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. \u2018Abdul Ham\u0305id Siddiqi, art., \u201cRennaisance in Indo-Pakitan; Shah Wali Allah Dihlawi\u201d, in, M.M. Sharif, ed., <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>A History of Muslim Philosophy, Vol. 11,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Delhi, 1995, pp.1569-1573<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. See Chapter, Ghalib\u2019s Existentialism<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. Shabb\u0305ir Ahmad Kh\u0305an Ghori, art. \u2018Ahd-i Ghalib K\u0305a \u2018Ilm\u0305i o Fikr\u0305i M\u0305ahaul, in, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tahq\u0305iq\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, pp. 166-167<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>. op.sit<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">., pp. 170-175<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">8.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Ibid<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">9. Ghori, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">10.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Ibid.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">11.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Ibid<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Chapter: Ghalib on His Life and His God<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Persian letter to Tafazzul Husain Kh\u0305an Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi, tr., Partau Rohelah<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Letter to Muhammad Na\u2018\u0305im al-Haq \u0305Az\u0305ad, March 9, 1859. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Ralph Russell and Khurshidul Isl\u0305am, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ghalib, 1797-1869, Volume 1: Life and Letters<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, London, 1969, p.185<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Urdu-yi Mu\u2018allah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Delhi, p.28<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Tr. Ralph Russell, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>op.cit<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">., pp. 150- 151<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. Natalia Prigarina, tr. Us\u0305ama H. F\u0305ar\u0305uqi, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mirz\u0305a Ghalib<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, (Urdu translation from the original Russian), Hyderabad, 1997, pp. 300-320<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, pp.315-16<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">8.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Ibid.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, p.308<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">9. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">., pp. 309<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Chapter: Ghalib\u2019s Religious Concerns<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Zoe Ans\u0305ari, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masnaviy\u0305at-i Ghalib<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, New Delhi, 1983<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Mirz\u0305a Asadullah Kh\u0305an (Ghalib), tr. Syed \u2018Abdur Rash\u0305id F\u0305azil, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mehr-i Nim-roz<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Karachi,1969<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Chapter: Ghalib\u2019s Existentialism <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Maikash Akbar\u0305ab\u0305adi, art., \u201cGhalib aur Mas\u0305a\u2019il-i Tasavvuf\u201d, in, \u0305Ale Ahmad Sur\u0305ur, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2018Irf\u0305an-i Ghalib,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Aligarh, 1973, p. 149<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Alt\u0305af Ahmad \u0305Azmi, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Vahdatul Vuj\u0305ud, aik Ghair Isl\u0305ami Nazariyah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, New Delhi, 1993, pp. 49-88<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Maikash, art., \u201cMirz\u0305a Ghalib, Aik S\u0305ufi Ki Haisiat Se, Apne Chand Ghair Matb\u0305u\u2018ah Khut\u0305ut Ki Raushni Men\u201d, in, \u0305Ale Ahmad Sur\u0305ur, \u0305<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>A\u2019\u0305inah-yi Ghalib<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, New Delhi; <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tahrik, Ghalib Nambar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, April-May, 1961<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. For detailed information, cf., Muhammad Sarvar, (ed,), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Armugh\u0305an-i Sh\u0305ah Valiullah,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Lahore, pp. 248, 21, 252, 253, 261, 261- 262, 263<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. H\u0305ali,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>op.cit.,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> p.19<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>op.cit.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, p.74<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>op. cit.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, p.75<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">8. Maikash, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, p. 242<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">9.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, pp. 246-247<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">10. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">., p. 248<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">11. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">., p.251<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">12. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">H\u0305ali<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, op.cit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">13. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Intekh\u0305ab-i Makt\u0305ubat Im\u0305am Rabb\u0305ani,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Karachi, 1963, p. 34<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">14. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, p. 128<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">15. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. p. 211<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">16.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Ibid.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, p. 248<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">17. Mahesh Parshad, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Urdu-yi Mu\u2018alla<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Delhi, 1899, p.217<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">18. Sa\u2018eed Ahmad Akbar\u0305ab\u0305adi, art., <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mirz\u0305a Ghalib Aur Mas\u0305a\u2018il-i Tasavvuf<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, in,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u2019Irfan-i Ghalib<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, p.121<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">19. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mehr-i N\u0305imroz<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, pp. 95-98<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">20. Maikash, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>op.cit.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, pp. 23, 254<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">21. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">H\u0305ali<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> , pp.79-80<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">22. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>op.cit.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, pp. 243-246<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">23. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">24. Maikash, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>op.cit.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, p.248<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">25. Shaikh Ikr\u0305am, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mauj-i Kausar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Lahore, 1988, p. 40<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">26. Maikash, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>op.cit<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">., 255<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">27.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> H\u0305ali<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">28. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">29. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. ; See also, Maulvi Muhammad Han\u0305ifullah Nadvi Phulv\u0305arvi, art., \u201cMasnavi-yi Ghalib Dar T\u0305a\u2019\u0305id-i Mas\u0305a\u2019il-i Ikhtil\u0305af\u0305iyah\u201d <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Al-\u2018Ilm<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Karachi, Jan-March, 1969; <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mauj-i Kausar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, pp.18, 39; Hak\u0305im Mahm\u0305ud Ahmad Barak\u0305ati, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Fazl-i Haq Khair\u0305ab\u0305adi aur San Satt\u0305avan<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Karachi, 1975, pp.102, 104<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">30. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">H\u0305ali<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">31. Annemarie Schimel, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Gabriel\u2019s Wing<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Leiden, 1963, pp. 19-160<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">32. Syed Muzaffar Husain Barni, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Kull\u0305iy\u0305at Mak\u0305at\u0305ib-i Iqbal<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Vol. 3, Delhi, 1993, pp.1035-1038 <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">33. \u2018Ainul Quz\u0305at Hamd\u0305ani, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Gh\u0305ayatul Mak\u0305an fi Dir\u0305ayatul Imk\u0305an<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">34. Mumt\u0305az Husain, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Naqd-i Harf<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Karachi, 1985, p.27-28<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">35. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mehr-i N\u0305imroz<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> , p. 89<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">36. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, p.155<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">37. Khv\u0305ajah \u2018Ib\u0305adullah Akhtar, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Bedil<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> , Lahore, 1961, p. 248-250, 259, 265,268 <\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Chapter: The Value-system of Ghalib\u2019s Poetic Life<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. H\u0305ali, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Y\u0305adg\u0305ar-i Ghalib<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, (F\u0305arsi)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Ibid.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Anwar Moazzam art., \u201cContribution of Indian Muslims to Knowledge\u201d, in, Mohammad Rafique (ed.), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Development of Islamic Religion and Philosophy in India<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, New Delhi, 2009, pp.27-34 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. H\u0305ali<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>, Ibid.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Chapter: Ghalib as Thinker<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Shaikh Muhammad Ikr\u0305am, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Hak\u0305im-i Farz\u0305anah<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> , Lahore, 1977, p.71<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>. Ibid.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Zoe Ans\u0305ari, art., \u201cGhalib ki F\u0305arsi Sh\u0305a\u2018iri Ke Aham Nukte\u201d, in, Y\u0305usuf Husain Kh\u0305an, ed., <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Bainul Aqv\u0305ami Ghalib Seminar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, New Delhi, 1969, pp. 240-241 <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. Zoe Ans\u0305ari, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Masnav\u0305iy\u0305at-i Ghalib<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, New Delhi, 1983<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. H\u0305ali. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">7. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Intekh\u0305ab Makt\u0305ub\u0305at Im\u0305am Rabb\u0305ani Quds Sirrahu<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Karachi, 1963, p.34<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">8. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">., p.34<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">9. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, p.211<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">10. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">11. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">12. Mahesh Parsh\u0305ad, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Urdu-yi Mu\u2018alla<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Delhi, 1899, p.217<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">13. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">., p.71<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">14. Muhammad Sarvar,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Armug\u0305h\u0305an-i Sh\u0305ah Val\u0305iullah,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Lahore, 1986, pp. 368-372<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">15. Muhammad Sarvar, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Maul\u0305an\u0305a \u2018Ubaidullah Sindhi<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Lahore, 1943, p.38<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">16. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">17. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">., p.37<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">18. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">., p.36<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">19. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">., pp. 37-38<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">20. Shaikh Muhammad Ikr\u0305am, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Mauj-i Kausar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Lahore, 1986, p. 39<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">21. Mukht\u0305arudd\u0305in Ahmad, art., \u201cMufti Sadrudd\u0305in \u0305Azurdah Ki Kuch N\u0305ay\u0305ab o Kamy\u0305\u0305ab Tahr\u0305iren\u201d, in,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tahq\u0305iq\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, New Delhi, pp. 109-116<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">22. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">., p.276<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">23. Shabb\u0305ir Ahmad Kh\u0305an Ghori, art., \u201cAhd-i Ghalib K\u0305a \u2018Ilmi o Fikr\u0305I M\u0305ahaul\u201d, in,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tahq\u0305iq\u0305at<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, pp.160-202<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">24. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/span><i><b> <\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Chapter: Ghalib\u2019s Expression<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1. Sh\u0305anul Haq Haqqq<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-IN\">i<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, art., \u201cGhalib Ke Isti\u2018\u0305ar\u0305at\u201d, in, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Naqd v Nig\u0305arish,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Karachi, 1982.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2. Asl\u0305ub Ahmad Anari, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Naqd o Nazar<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, V.19, no. 20, Aligarh, 1997, p. 135<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3. Cf. Section on Ghamg\u0305in, supra, Chapter, \u201cGhalib\u2019s Existentialism.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">4. \u2018Umar Memon, art., \u201cAyn al-Quz\u0305at Hamd\u0305ani Ki Fikr Men Tasavvuf Aur Tash\u0305abah K\u0305a Lis\u0305aniy\u0305ati Mas\u2019alah\u201d, in, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Annual Urdu Studies,<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> tr. of article, \u201cMysticism and Linguistic Problem of Equivocation in the Thought of \u2018Ayn al-Quz\u0305at Hamd\u0305ani\u201d, in, Toshihiko Izitsue, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Creation and the Timeless Order of Things: essay in, Islamic Mystical Philosophy<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Ashland, Oregon, 1997<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">5. Khuv\u0305ajah \u2018Ib\u0305adullah Akhtar, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Bedil<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, Lahore, 1916, p. 119<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\"><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">6. Muhammad \u2018Umar Memon, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"western\"><\/h1>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0654 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0650 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u063a\u0645\u06c1 \u0633\u0646\u062c \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u0628\u0650 \u06af\u0644\u0634\u0646 \u0646\u0627 \u0622\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba h\u0305un garm\u0305i-yi nash\u0305at-i tasavvur se naghmah-sanj main \u2018andal\u0305ib-i gulshan-i n\u0305a-\u0305afr\u0305idah h\u0305un {I am singing under the exuberance of the pleasure of thinking, I am a nightingale of an uncreated garden.} Forword Preface Acknowledgments The First Point Cultural and Intellectual Discourse in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-136","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.anwarmoazzam.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/136","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.anwarmoazzam.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.anwarmoazzam.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.anwarmoazzam.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.anwarmoazzam.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=136"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.anwarmoazzam.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/136\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":139,"href":"https:\/\/www.anwarmoazzam.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/136\/revisions\/139"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.anwarmoazzam.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=136"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}